The Effect of Dairy Intake on Body Weight and Composition and Metabolic Health in Adolescents and Seniors

Exclusion Criteria

• •Fasting BG ≥ 7 mmol/L
• •Blood pressure systolic ≥ 130mmHg or diastolic ≥ 80mmHg (adolescents) or systolic ≥ 140 mmHg or diastolic pressure ≥ 90 mmHg
• •Smoking (tobacco and/or cannabis product use in the last 6 months)
• •Thyroid problems
• •History of CVDs, diabetes, liver or kidney disease, inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease, short bowel syndrome, any malabsorption syndrome, pancreatitis, gallbladder, or biliary disease.
• •Presence of gastrointestinal disorder or surgeries within the past year.
• •Use of the prescription or non-prescription drugs, herbal or nutritional supplements known to affect the outcome of the study as per the investigator's judgment (including prebiotics and probiotics).
• •Known to be pregnant, lactating, or not postmenopausal for at least a year and/or is taking hormonal treatments
• •Unwillingness or inability to comply with the experimental procedures
• •Known intolerance, sensitivity, or allergy to dairy, gluten, or any other study treatments.
• •Consumption of protein powders/supplements
• •Extreme dietary habits (e.g., Atkins diet, very high-protein diets, etc.)
• •Weight gain or loss of \> 5% in the previous three months.
• •Excessive alcohol intake (more than 2 drinks per day or 9 per week)
• •Restrained eating, identified by a score of ≥11 on the Eating Habits Questionnaire
• •Smoking
• •Thyroid problems
• •Lactose intolerance and/or allergies, intolerances, or sensitivities to study treatments
• •Previous history of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, liver or kidney disease, inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease, short bowel syndrome, malabsorptive syndrome, pancreatitis, gallbladder or biliary disease
• •Presence of gastrointestinal disorder or surgeries within the past year.
• •Inability to comply with the experimental procedures and follow our safety guidelines
• •Regular breakfast skipping (\>3 days a week)
• •On a special diet (e.g. ketogenic, Atkins, high protein) or restrained eaters as identified by a score of \>20 on the Eating Attitudes Questionnaire
• •Difficulties with eating or swallowing
• •Fasting blood glucose \>5.6mmol/L measured at screening
• •Uncontrolled hypertension (systolic blood pressure \>120mmHg, diastolic blood pressure \>80mmHg) as defined by the average blood pressure measured at screening
• •Weight gain or loss of \>10lbs in previous three months
• •Consuming prescription or non-prescription drug, herbal or nutritional supplements known to affect outcome of the study as per investigator's judgement