Individuals aged \>20 years diagnosed with chronic kidney disease (CKD) stages 2-5.
Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) \< 90 ml/min/1.73m² (lasting for more than three months).
Willing to provide routine blood test results before, during, and after each phase of the study.
You may not be if
Acute kidney changes within the past three months (e.g., \>30% decline in eGFR), or individuals with impaired consciousness, shortness of breath, or inability to follow instructions.
Blood pressure exceeding 160 mmHg at the time of participation.
Severe cardiovascular diseases (e.g., pacemaker implantation), upper limb trauma or infections, systemic lupus erythematosus, or skin cancer.
Use of photosensitizing medications, pregnancy, or malignant tumors.
Sensory nerve abnormalities, coagulation disorders, or the presence of kidney stones.
Individuals with a hierarchical relationship to the study's principal investigator or team members (e.g., those from the same laboratory or having a student-mentor relationship).
