Transcutaneous Laser Therapy in Chronic Kidney Disease

Exclusion Criteria

• •Acute kidney changes within the past three months (e.g., \>30% decline in eGFR), or individuals with impaired consciousness, shortness of breath, or inability to follow instructions.
• •Blood pressure exceeding 160 mmHg at the time of participation.
• •Severe cardiovascular diseases (e.g., pacemaker implantation), upper limb trauma or infections, systemic lupus erythematosus, or skin cancer.
• •Use of photosensitizing medications, pregnancy, or malignant tumors.
• •Sensory nerve abnormalities, coagulation disorders, or the presence of kidney stones.
• •Individuals with a hierarchical relationship to the study's principal investigator or team members (e.g., those from the same laboratory or having a student-mentor relationship).