Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation for Children With Prenatal Alcohol Exposure

This is an open-label trial of trigeminal nerve stimulation (TNS) for children aged 8-12 years with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) putatively due to prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE). TNS has been successful in treating pediatric ADHD generally and it is US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-cleared for this condition. But this will be the first time it is tried for ADHD specifically associated with PAE. In TNS, a weak electric current is applied to the child's forehead overnight while sleeping to gently stimulate the brain. TNS is administered at home by the parent to the child. TNS is safe and well tolerated. Efficacy of TNS in ADHD is \~50%. The purpose of the present pilot study is to determine the feasibility of TNS for children with PAE and ADHD. Feasibility means safety (any serious side effects?), tolerability (do children comply with TNS? are they comfortable with it?), and a rough idea of efficacy (does TNS seem to work in most kids?) A secondary goal of the study is to get a more precise idea of brain mechanisms of TNS with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Families who participate will make three clinic visits: eligibility (4-5 hours), pre-TNS (2-3 hours including MRI), and post-TNS (2-3 hours including MRI). Children will receive TNS, applied by the parent, for 8 hours every night while sleeping for 4 weeks. Four weeks after treatment, families will take part in a telephone follow-up, to see whether any improvements made last.

Trigeminal nerve stimulation (TNS) is a new treatment for pediatric ADHD developed at University of California Los Angeles (UCLA). In TNS, a weak electric current is applied to the child's forehead overnight while sleeping to gently stimulate the brain. TNS treatment is typically administered at home at bedtime by the parent to the child. The TNS device is small (size of a cell phone) and easy to use. Two thin wires go from the device to a pair of small electrodes that tape onto the forehead like a band-aid. The parent presses three keys on the device and it is ready to go. TNS is safe and well tolerated. The success rate, or efficacy, of TNS is about 50% in children with ADHD overall. Although TNS is FDA-cleared for children with ADHD, regardless of the cause, or etiology, of the ADHD, the possible influence of etiology on TNS success has not yet been studied. One common etiology of ADHD is prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE). When a mother drinks alcohol during pregnancy her child often develops ADHD. While TNS is an approved treatment for these children, it is actually not known whether they would respond any differently. It is known that drug treatments that routinely work well in children with ADHD without PAE are poorly effective in many children with ADHD due to PAE. Thus, there is a chance children with ADHD due to PAE could respond differently (better or worse) to TNS as well. The purpose of the research is to determine the safety and efficacy of TNS specifically in children whose ADHD is associated with PAE. We expect that TNS will be as safe and effective in children with ADHD with PAE as in children without, but that needs to be formally tested. As a first step in the formal testing process, this pilot study aims to determine the feasibility of TNS in children with ADHD associated with PAE. Feasibility means safety (any serious side effects?), tolerability (do children comply with TNS? are they comfortable with it?), and a rough idea of efficacy (does TNS seem to work in most kids?) A secondary goal of our study is to get a more precise idea of where and how TNS acts in the brain using MRI-based neuroimaging. Families who participate in the study will come to the clinic for three visits: eligibility (4-5 hours), pre-TNS (2-3 hours including MRI), and post-TNS (2-3 hours including MRI). Thus, the child will undergo two MRIs of the brain, a safe, non-invasive, and radiation-free procedure. The child will receive TNS treatment, applied by the parent, for 8 hours every night while sleeping for 4 weeks. Four weeks after treatment, families will take part in a telephone follow-up, to see whether any improvements made last.