Effectiveness of Ultrasound-Aided Articulation Therapy for Children With Speech Sound Disorders

Inclusion Criteria

• •Primary diagnosis of speech sound disorder with errors on lingual target sounds
• •Probe accuracy \<70% on the primary target sound at baseline
• •Cantonese as the first language
• •Hearing thresholds ≤25 dB in at least one ear, with no hearing loss exceeding 50 dB in the other ear
• •No syndromes or obvious dysmorphic features
• •No language disorders associated with biomedical conditions (e.g., cerebral palsy, autism spectrum disorder)
• •No oronasal fistula identified on oral examination or diagnosed velopharyngeal insufficiency