An International Multicenter Study on Transcatheter Device Closure of Perimembranous Ventricular Septal Defects

Exclusion Criteria

• •1. Eisenmenger physiology (pulmonary vascular resistance \> 8 Wood units, nonreactive) with an exclusive right-to-left shunt.
• •2. Pre-existing complete heart block or high-risk proximity of the conduction system to the defect without prior pacemaker implantation.
• •3. Severe aortic or tricuspid valve disease requiring surgical or catheter-based intervention.
• •4. Pregnancy or planned pregnancy if the procedure involves X-ray exposure.
• •5. Extensive congenital cardiac anomalies requiring surgery.
• •6. Thrombus at the implant site or documented venous thrombus in access vessels.
• •7. Sepsis, active endocarditis, or bacterial infections within one month pre-procedure.
• •8. Uncontrolled bleeding or clotting disorders.
• •9. Contraindications to antiplatelet therapy or refusal of blood transfusions.
• •10. Cardiac malformations dependent on the presence of a perimembranous ventricular septal defect (PmVSD).
• •11. Lack of informed written consent for the procedure
• •12. Failure to attend any follow-up visit post-discharge.
• •13. Patients under guardianship or curatorship
• •14. Patients deprived of liberty
• •15. Patients under court protection
• •16. Patients or legal guardians refusing the use of personal data for this research