Breathing Exercises in Patients With Gastroesophageal Reflux

Gastroesophageal reflux disease is a pathological condition in which various symptoms and/or complications occur as a result of the escape of stomach contents into the esophagus, oral cavity, or lungs. Gastroesophageal reflux disease is largely associated with various respiratory diseases such as chronic cough, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and asthma. Accordingly, respiratory function deterioration may be observed in spirometric measurements. Increased symptom burden in gastroesophageal reflux patients has been associated with poor quality of life, sleep disturbances, and decreased physical function and productivity. However, increased anxiety and depression levels in patients are also closely related to reflux symptoms.At the esophagogastric junction, the lower esophageal sphincter and the surrounding crura of the diaphragm constitute an important part of the protective mechanism against reflux. The crural diaphragm, which contracts during inspiration, acts as an additional external sphincter. Since the crural diaphragm is a striated muscle structure, it is possible to improve its function with exercise. Eherer et al. (2012) examined the effects of diaphragmatic breathing exercises performed for 30 minutes per day for 4 weeks on pH levels, quality of life, and medication use in patients with non-erosive reflux. As a result of the study, they found that quality of life increased and acid exposure decreased.The recurrence rate and maintenance treatment requirement after treatment are high in reflux patients. Proton pump inhibitor drugs commonly used in treatment may have various side effects in the long term. Although the diaphragm muscle is an important part of the protective mechanism against reflux, there are few studies investigating the effects of applications targeting this muscle on reflux.