To prevent fluid losses secondary to surgery, fluid therapy should be administered to patients during the preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative periods. The goal of perioperative fluid therapy is to maintain adequate circulating volume and pressure, avoid dehydration and the adverse effects of excessive fluid administration, and optimize oxygen delivery to tissues to ensure sufficient perfusion. Inadequate fluid administration can result in hypovolemia, leading to complications such as hypotension, tissue hypoperfusion, ischemia, arrhythmias, and renal damage. Conversely, excessive fluid administration can cause hypervolemia-related issues, including fluid accumulation in tissues (especially in the lungs), impaired tissue perfusion, prolonged mechanical ventilation, anastomotic leaks, delayed wound healing, and infections. Postoperative complications can also increase morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. Therefore, achieving normovolemia in patients during the perioperative period is of paramount importance.
In traditional fluid therapy, hourly fluid requirements for maintenance and fasting-related deficits are calculated using the '4-2-1' rule (4 mL/kg/hour for the first 10 kg, 2 mL/kg/hour for the next 10 kg, and 1 mL/kg/hour for each kilogram thereafter). Estimated fluid losses from surgical bleeding and evaporation are added to these calculations for replacement. In traditional fluid therapy, intravascular volume is estimated using parameters such as arterial blood pressure, heart rate (HR), and urine output. However, these parameters are influenced by many factors and do not always accurately reflect intravascular volume. Managing patients using these parameters, especially in high-risk surgeries, can result in complications related to hypovolemia and hypervolemia. The lack of an optimal perioperative fluid therapy approach in high-risk surgeries has led to new explorations, including personalized, goal-directed fluid therapy facilitated by advanced technological devices. Studies have shown that personalized, goal-directed fluid therapy improves postoperative outcomes.
Various static parameters have been used to guide fluid therapy to date, one of which is CVP (central venous pressure), commonly employed in clinical practice. The normal range of CVP in the supine position is 0-6 mmHg. A CVP below this range indicates hypovolemia, while a CVP above it suggests hypervolemia. Recent studies have shown that CVP's sensitivity and specificity in detecting fluid deficits are insufficient.
In recent years, dynamic parameters with high sensitivity and specificity, such as PPV (pulse pressure variation) and SVV (stroke volume variation), have been increasingly utilized to assess fluid deficits. Changes in arterial pressure waveforms during respiration are used to evaluate the response to fluid administration. These changes occur during controlled mechanical ventilation. Positive pressure ventilation increases intrathoracic pressure during inspiration, reducing venous return, right ventricular filling volume, and left ventricular stroke volume. During expiration, the effects are reversed. If arterial vasomotor tone and cardiac function remain constant, these changes in stroke volume during positive pressure ventilation are reflected in pulse pressure and systolic blood pressure. In fluid-nonresponsive patients, variations in these dynamic parameters are less than 10%.
In mechanically ventilated, hemodynamically stable, and intubated patients with a tidal volume ≥8 mL/kg, a stroke volume variation (SVV) \>10% and a pulse pressure variation (PPV) \>13% indicate a fluid deficit.
PPV has been demonstrated to be more reliable than CVP in predicting fluid responsiveness in various studies. However, there are limited studies evaluating the efficacy of PPV in neurosurgical patient populations. Due to the scarcity of studies in the literature, this study aims to compare the efficacy of fluid management guided by PPV and CVP in patients undergoing intracranial tumor surgery. This study aims to evaluate whether PPV can effectively guide fluid therapy and replace CVP in neurosurgical patients undergoing intracranial tumor surgery.
A total of 42 patients aged 18-65 years, undergoing elective intracranial mass surgery under general anesthesia, with an ASA (American Society of Anesthesiologists) physical status classification score of I-III, will be included in the study. Patients with renal failure, mental retardation, arrhythmia, severe cardiopulmonary disease, hemodynamic instability, body mass index (BMI) \>40 kg/m², respiratory system compliance (Crs) \<30 mL/cmH₂O, use of lactate-producing medications such as metformin, preoperative elevated lactate levels, tumors causing diabetes insipidus, or those refusing the procedure will be excluded from the study. Patients experiencing massive intraoperative bleeding, failing central venous catheter (CVC) placement, or requiring postoperative ventilator support will also be excluded. All procedures to be performed on the study participants will be explained in detail, and informed consent forms will be signed. The invasive procedures, drug applications, and monitoring methods in this study are within the scope of routine practice.
The 42 patients included in the study will be randomized using a computer-generated sampling method into two groups: Group N (n=21), receiving intraoperative fluid management based on PPV (pulse pressure variation) parameters, and Group S (n=21), receiving intraoperative fluid management based on CVP (central venous pressure) parameters.
All patients in both groups will be encouraged to consume oral carbohydrate fluids (12.5% glucose solution) until two hours before surgery. Upon being brought to the operating table, routine electrocardiogram (ECG), peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO₂), end-tidal carbon dioxide (EtCO₂), and non-invasive blood pressure monitoring will be performed, and an 18G peripheral intravenous line will be placed. During surgery, all patients will receive a crystalloid infusion at 3 mL/kg/hour.
All patients will be intubated after intravenous induction with propofol (1.5-2 mg/kg), fentanyl (1-2 mcg/kg), and rocuronium (0.6 mg/kg). After induction, a 20G cannula will be placed in the radial artery of the upper extremity for monitoring. A 7 French triple-lumen central venous catheter will be placed in the right subclavian vein to manage potential complications. General anesthesia will be maintained with sevoflurane at approximately 1.0 (±20%) minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) with 40% FiO₂ (Fraction of Inspired Oxygen) at 1 L/min fresh gas flow. Both groups will be ventilated in volume-controlled mode with a tidal volume of 8 mL/kg. To calculate Crs in the supine position, a 10% inspiratory pause will be added to the ventilator settings to obtain plateau pressure. The surgery will be performed in the supine position, and the transducer will be positioned at the mid-axillary line in both groups. A urinary catheter will be inserted to monitor urine output. Additional doses of muscle relaxants and fentanyl will be administered as needed. NSAIDs, magnesium, and lidocaine will not be used to avoid affecting intraoperative hypotension or postoperative renal function. Intraoperative systolic arterial pressure will not be allowed to drop by more than 30% from baseline, and the mean arterial pressure will be maintained above 65 mmHg in normotensive patients and 80 mmHg in hypertensive patients. Hypotension will be defined as a drop of more than 20% from baseline mean arterial pressure.
According to institutional practice, 1 g/kg mannitol will be administered before the dura mater is opened. During dura mater opening, the surgical team will assess brain relaxation using a five-point scale (1=optimal conditions, 2=retraction not possible and dilated blood vessels, 3=tissue tension hindering intervention with obliterated sulci and dilated vessels, 4=worsening factors causing brain tissue extrusion, 5=worst conditions for surgery).
Patients with intraoperative hematocrit (Hct) \<24% will receive erythrocyte suspension (ES). For patients with Hct \>24%, transfusion will only occur with severe active bleeding. If Hct \>24% and estimated blood loss is less than 10% of total blood volume, 1.5 times the amount of blood lost will be replaced with crystalloids. If Hct \>24% and blood loss is estimated at 10-20% of total blood volume, 500 mL colloid will be administered. Blood loss will be estimated using the amount in the suction canister and the number of surgical sponges and gauzes used during surgery (a '4x4' gauze will be assumed to hold 10 mL, and a fully soaked laparotomy pad will be assumed to hold 150 mL of blood). In cases of severe volume deficit, colloids will be used to manage hypotensive periods until blood transfusion is administered. Diuresis will be targeted at 0.5 mL/kg/hour or higher in both groups.
In Group N, PPV values will be monitored continuously during the intraoperative period. If PPV \>13%, patients will receive an additional 250 mL of crystalloid fluid over 10 minutes, followed by reevaluation. If PPV ≤13%, SBP \<90 mmHg, MAP \<65 mmHg, and HR \<100 bpm, ephedrine will be administered. If more than 30 mg of ephedrine is required, dopamine infusion will be initiated. If PPV ≤13%, SBP \<90 mmHg, MAP \<65 mmHg, and HR \>100 bpm, norepinephrine infusion will be used.
In Group S, CVP values will be monitored continuously. Patients will be disconnected from the ventilator for CVP measurement. If CVP \<6 mmHg, patients will receive an additional 250 mL of crystalloid bolus over 10 minutes, followed by reevaluation. If CVP ≥6 mmHg, SBP \<90 mmHg, MAP \<65 mmHg, and HR \<100 bpm, ephedrine will be administered. If more than 30 mg of ephedrine is required, dopamine infusion will be initiated. If CVP ≥6 mmHg, SBP \<90 mmHg, MAP \<65 mmHg, and HR \>100 bpm, norepinephrine infusion will be used.
The demographic data of both groups (gender, age, BMI, ASA physical status classification score, comorbidities, baseline oxygen saturation (SpO₂), end-tidal carbon dioxide (EtCO₂), HR, MAP, CVP, PPV, creatinine, and serum lactate levels) and intraoperative data (surgery duration, fluid management protocol, postoperative creatinine and lactate levels, intraoperative hypotensive episodes, vasopressor requirements, volumes of crystalloids/colloids administered, number of bolus fluids given, volume of blood transfused, brain relaxation score, total intraoperative urine output) will be recorded.
Intraoperative SpO₂, EtCO₂, MAP, HR values, and hourly urine output of all patients will be recorded.
Fifteen minutes before the end of surgery, all patients will receive 100 mg tramadol and 1000 mg paracetamol in 150 mL normal saline as an IV infusion. At the end of surgery, 2-4 mg/kg sugammadex will be administered to reverse neuromuscular blockade. After extubation, patients will be transferred to the intensive care unit (ICU).
Postoperative creatinine and lactate levels will be measured and recorded at the 12th hour. The ICU length of stay will also be documented.
