Lidocaine-based Versus Opioid-based Induction of Anesthesia in Emergency Laparotomy

Exclusion Criteria

• •1. Patient refusal
• •2. Severe cardiac morbidities (impaired contractility with ejection fraction \< 45%, heart block, arrhythmias, tight valvular lesions)
• •3. Baseline mean arterial pressure \<75 mmHg
• •4. Patients on vasopressor infusion,
• •5. Patients with high shock index (heart rate / systolic blood pressure \>1)
• •6. Pregnant or lactating women,
• •7. Allergy of any of the study drugs
• •8. Uncontrolled hypertension
• •9. Opioid drug abusers
• •10. Patients with increased intracranial tension