Background and Rationale
In patients with internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis of 50% or greater (measured according to the criteria of the North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial (NASCET)) who have experienced a transient ischemic attack (TIA) or minor ipsilateral stroke, carotid endarterectomy (CEA) offers maximum benefit if performed within 15 days of the initial ischemic symptom. National and international guidelines recommend surgical treatment (CEA) within this timeframe; however, no studies have specifically evaluated the optimal timing for CEA after TIA or minor stroke.
It is well established that the risk of a major stroke is highest in the first few days following a transient ischemic attack or minor stroke and then decreases over the subsequent days and weeks. This raises the hypothesis that performing an urgent carotid endarterectomy (within 3 days) may provide greater benefit compared to a delayed procedure (between 4 and 15 days).
Study Objectives
Primary Endpoint
To demonstrate that CEA for symptomatic ICA stenosis of 50% or greater (NASCET criteria) performed urgently within 72 hours of the onset of the ischemic symptom (TIA or minor stroke) is more effective than delayed CEA (performed after 72 hours but within 15 days) in reducing the risk of death, any type of stroke, and myocardial infarction within 90 days of the ischemic event.
Secondary Endpoints
To demonstrate that urgent CEA (within 72 hours of symptom onset) is more effective than delayed CEA (after 72 hours but within 15 days) in reducing the risk of ipsilateral ischemic stroke within 90 days of the ischemic event.
To identify potential subgroups of patients who benefit more from urgent CEA compared to delayed CEA.
To demonstrate that urgent CEA (within 72 hours) is as safe as delayed CEA (after 72 hours) in terms of the risk of cerebral hemorrhagic complications.
Study Design
This is a prospective, randomized, multicenter, controlled, non-profit interventional study with blinded follow-up at 90 days by the neurologist/internist investigator. The study is coordinated by the Vascular Surgery Unit (UOC) at San Giovanni di Dio Hospital, USL TOSCANA CENTRO, in collaboration with the Vascular Surgery Units listed above. All patients treated at the participating centers are eligible for inclusion if they meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria and provide informed consent to participate in the study.
The study does not introduce modifications or conflicts with standard clinical practice, as all enrolled and randomized patients (whether within or after 72 hours) will undergo surgical treatment (CEA) within 15 days of the index symptom, in accordance with national and international guidelines.
Study Population
Number of patients to be enrolled: 456
Withdrawal Criteria Patients may withdraw from the study at any time.
Interventions
The study will evaluate the same surgical procedure, carotid endarterectomy (CEA), which involves the removal of the atherosclerotic plaque causing thromboembolism or hemodynamically significant stenosis. This will be performed in two different timeframes:
Within 72 hours of the ischemic symptom. Between 72 hours and 14 days after the symptom.
The two study groups will not differ in the type of treatment offered but only in the timing of its execution.
No experimental procedures will be conducted. Whether CEA is performed within 72 hours or after this period, the surgical procedure will adhere fully to the current guidelines.
Assessment of Potential Benefit/Risk for the Study Population
The morbidity and mortality risk for the study participants is expected to be within the 6% limit for stroke/mortality at 30 days, as defined by the safety threshold in the literature and by national and international guidelines.
If this threshold (stroke/mortality at 30 days ≥ 6%) is exceeded in either group, the study will be terminated for safety reasons.
