Pilot Study on Muscle, Tendon, and Neural Changes Post-Botulinum Toxin Injections in Post-stroke Spastic Equinovarus

TRIAL RATIONALE: To conduct a pilot study as guidance for a future observational study to evaluate changes in muscle, tendon and neural properties after botulinum neurotoxin-A (BoNT) treatment of spastic equinovarus in first-ever stroke patients by using Three Dimensional freehand Ultrasound (3DfUS) and Instrumented Spasticity Assessment (ISA) with the aim of optimizing treatment algorithms and long-term response in this population. TRIAL DESIGN: Non-blinded, non-randomized open label, longitudinal pilot interventional clinical trial. In total, 4 visits will be organised: 1. V1: Baseline visit, week 0 2. V2: Injection visit, week 5-7 3. V3: Follow-up visit, week 10-12: 4. V4: End of study visit , week 18-30 4 visits are organized according to the biological functioning of BoNT. These 4 visits also correspond to the standard clinical visits as they currently proceed when a patient is treated with BoNT. At baseline visit (week 0) and injection visit (week 6) we do not expect any changes in outcome parameters since no BoNT has been injected yet. The effect of BoNT has peak effects after 4-6 weeks and a duration of action between 2 and 6 months. At follow-up visit (week 10-12) and end-of-study visit (when BoNT is clinically elaborated, week 18-30) we expect corresponding changes in outcome parameters, respectively. At each visit, 3DfUS measurements and ISA measurements will be performed on two muscles of both legs: 1) medial gastrocnemius muscle and 2) tibialis anterior muscle. The majority of US literature in the lower limb has focused on medial gastrocnemius. Additionally, these muscles are obvious candidates because of their functional importance in locomotion. Moreover, the medial gastrocnemius is a frequently injected muscle with BoNT, whereas tibialis anterior muscle is not. From a methodological perspective, both medial gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior are superficial and can be easily tracked by means of conventional US probes and EMG electrodes. During visit 2, a pregnancy test will be conducted prior to the injection of Botulinum toxin. If the test is positive, the study will be discontinued, and the patient will not be treated with Botulinum toxin A. Total duration of one visit will be 1.5 to 2 hours. All measurements of one visit take place on the same day. Measurements will be performed at the University Hospital Leuven. For this study, stroke patients treated with BoNT for spastic equinovarus will be included. In particular stroke patients are patients that are being treated at the University Hospital, Leuven. The annual number of stroke patients seen in UZ Leuven is approximately 600 per year.