Factors Influencing Hemodynamic Stability and Its Management in Patients Undergoing Pelvic Surgery Under Spinal and GA

Exclusion Criteria

• •Age below 18 years.
• •Emergency procedures or that require immediate intervention.
• •Pregnancy or breastfeeding status.
• •Conditions such as spinal cord disease and severe coagulopathy that are recognized contraindications to spinal or general anesthesia.
• •ASA physical status classification III and above.
• •History of severe adverse reactions to anesthesia or known allergy to anesthetic agents.
• •Concurrent involvement in additional clinical trials that could have an impact on the treatment of anesthesia or hemodynamic results.
• •Individuals with substantial comorbidities (such as uncontrolled hypertension or heart failure) that might complicate hemodynamic responses.