Cerebral Palsy (CP) is the most common cause of disability in childhood and is characterized by permanent disorders of movement and posture development, causing important limitations in autonomy. CP is attributable to non-progressive disorders that occur in the fetal and infant brain during development. Motor disorders are often accompanied by epilepsy, secondary musculoskeletal problems and impairments in different areas, such as sensory and perceptual domains, intelligence, communication abilities and behavior regulation.
The criteria for early diagnosis of CP have been refined over time and now it may be possible to obtain a diagnosis also when the child is less than 5 months of age, when movement alterations can be detected by clinicians and neuroradiological data may confirm the diagnosis, allowing early and ad hoc patients' management in an important period for brain plasticity. In the Italian context, delays in access and limitations in the continuity of care process have been found. After diagnosis, it is fundamental to use specific tools designed to assess and classify the severity of the CP. In the motor domain, the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) and the Manual Ability Classification System (MACS) are used to examine for manipulative skill activities. Communication skills can be assessed by using the Communication Function Classification System, visual abilities by using the Visual Function Classification System (VFCS) and aspiration risk by using the Eating and Drinking Ability Classification System (EDACS). Cognitive aspects should be assessed by adopting the age-related Wechsler scales. When it is not possible to administer these scales, that is to children aged less than 2.5 years or to those presenting with aphasia, blindness, or severe cognitive difficulties, different tools should be used, such as the Griffiths Mental Development Scales (GMDS), measuring and assessing the developmental rates of children from birth to age 6. The combination of data based on these tools allows having an overall picture of the of child's functioning.
Early interventions are based on the following principles: (1) facilitating the child's active movements rather than focusing only on stretching or passive movements; (2) setting up an enriched play environment to increase stimulation and motivation; (3) improving developmental skills to favor developmental progress. Rehabilitation interventions delivered in accordance with these three principles should be guided by a pathology-specific assessment and aimed at addressing specific objectives and clearly measuring the results. Follow-up monitoring of the child is essential to assess the effectiveness of interventions and update treatment plans, by adapting interventions to the progressive needs of each child, which could optimize treatment outcomes. By adhering to evidence-based practices following the latest scientific evidence, healthcare professionals may enhance the quality of the care and, as a consequence, the likelihood of positive better quality of life for children. Nevertheless, up to now, few studies described and examined treatments' efficacy in this population focusing on the best format to adopt; also, no clear indications on whether a different setting (intensive vs extensive) for intervention delivery may lead to different outcomes are available.
With respect to the motor domain, it has been highlighted the importance to deliver interventions that favor the autonomous exploration of the environment by the child and include strategies to sustain purposeful movements. The evidence, although limited, seems to suggest that "movement tasks" that support the motivation of the child to try to complete an activity and to reach a goal, even through trial and error, should be used. In order to plan an intervention personalized for each child, it is essential to take into account the topographical characteristics of the motor impairment. Specific rehabilitation proposals for upper limb rehabilitation in the hemiplegic child have already been reported.
In line with the principles of a family-centered-care approach, clinicians should involve parents and caregivers in the care process, so that they may have an active role in the child's rehabilitation practice outside the clinic. In fact, parents may play a fundamental role in setting the goals of the therapy practice in the ecological setting and may choose tasks at an appropriate level of difficulty for their child. Further, they may to expose the child to enjoyable motor activities performed in an enriched environment with adequate frequency and intensity, so that new motor skills can be developed and learned. Rehabilitation approaches such as the 'Goals-Activity-Motor Enrichment' (GAME), based on the combination of motor training, interaction with the environment, environmental enrichment, and parental coaching, and the 'Small Step Program' \[19\], based on the promotion of gross-motor and postural skills, the use of hands for environmental exploration and communication, are clear examples of the implementation of the principles outlined above.
However, the literature on early interventions for high-risk infants is still at an embryonic phase: studies are heterogeneous, provide weak evidence on outcomes and their methodological quality is limited. Generally, for all neurological disabilities guidance on how to develop and deliver appropriate, targeted, and evidence-based rehabilitation interventions is limited. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct further research on the topic.
In many cases, the evidence of treatment response has not been robust enough to demonstrate a change in trained functions that is clinically, statistically, and economically important. In this regard, Rob Forsyth and colleagues have suggested that the exclusive focus on therapy dose could be misleading, as rehabilitation content should also be precisely captured.
In our Institute (Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy) rehabilitation interventions are delivered both in community rehabilitation centers (Centri di Riabilitazione-CDR), where activities are offered as extensive care, and in the inpatient care units of the Hospital, where shorter but more intensive rehabilitation interventions are offered. For both treatment delivery options, decades of experience have been collected. In this study, we aim at assessing the global efficacy of rehabilitation interventions offered as usual care, together with comparing the efficacy of intensive and extensive treatment formats . This is to evaluate if time and intensity in rehabilitation delivery can be considered a mediator variable affecting outcomes. Both interventions have the same treatment dose (sessions delivered) and ingredients (content).
