Application of Non-invasive Neurophysiological Methods in Predicting and Evaluating Postoperative Pain in Adult Patients Undergoing Major Thoracic Surgery

Exclusion Criteria

• •1\) Severe neurological disorders (e.g. dementia) that could interfere with EEG recordings or pain testing.
• •2\) Severe psychiatric conditions such as major depression, schizophrenia, or active drug abuse.
• •3\) Preoperative analgesic therapy, which may alter EEG signals (Boord et al. 2008).
• •4\) Diabetes mellitus 5) Chronic pain of any etiology 6) Acute pain from any cause