Open vs. Laparoscopic Surgery for Pediatric Choledochal Cyst

Exclusion Criteria

• •Patients lacking one or more key outcome measures, including surgery duration, hospital stay, intraoperative blood loss, incidence of postoperative bile leakage, or incidence of postoperative intestinal obstruction.
• •Patients with incomplete clinical data, such as missing sex, age, or other essential demographic information.
• •Patients with coagulation disorders that may interfere with surgery or recovery.
• •Patients with severe comorbidities or immune system disorders that may complicate surgical intervention or recovery.
• •Patients who underwent non-surgical treatment (e.g., endoscopic procedures) for congenital choledochal cyst.
• •Pregnant patients or those who are breastfeeding (if applicable to your study population).