Prenatal Maternal Mental Health and Neurodevelopment in Congenital Heart Disease

Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of congenital malformations, representing 1% of live births. Progress in surgical care have led to the dramatic increase in the population of children and adults living with heart disease. As survival is no longer a concern, long-term outcomes have become the major public health issue. Prenatal diagnosis of CHD requiring open-heart surgery can be a traumatic event for expecting mothers and fathers. In the general population, maternal mental health distress is associated with fetal disturbances in the hypothalamic-adrenal-pituitary system axis, restricted intrauterine growth and adverse outcomes in the offspring. It is unknown whether prenatal maternal psychological distress have an impact on neurodevelopmental outcomes in CHD. Our national study seeks to (1) characterize the impact of prenatal maternal psychological distress on neurodevelopmental outcomes at age 1 for children with CHD who undergo neonatal open-heart surgery; (2) investigate the sociodemographic and medical determinants associated with prenatal maternal mental health of women carrying a foetus diagnosed with complex CHD; (3) explore the mediating role of prenatal risk factors (i.e., sociodemographic, medical and maternal coping mechanisms) in the association of prenatal maternal mental health (i.e., distress, anxiety and depression) and neurodevelopment in children with CHD; and (4) explore the impact of paternal or the co-parent's mental health impact on neurodevelopmental outcomes at age 1 in children with CHD. This study is a non-interventional, prospective, and longitudinal study of prenatal maternal mental health and subsequent child's neurodevelopmental and behavioural outcomes. It includes a follow-up period from the 3rd trimester of pregnancy until the child's first year of life. It will include children with a prenatally diagnosed heart defect requiring open-heart surgery within the first weeks of life. Understanding and preventing the neurodevelopmental sequelae of heart disease diagnosed in-utero is a public health priority.

This study is a non-interventional, prospective, and longitudinal study of prenatal maternal mental health and subsequent child's neurodevelopmental and behavioural outcomes in congenital heart disease. It includes a follow-up period from the 3rd trimester of pregnancy until the child's first year of life (between 12 and 18 months). It will include children with a prenatally diagnosed critical heart defect (i.e., cyanotic types of CHD with the potential to cause rapid hypoxemia after birth) requiring neonatal open-heart surgery (within the first weeks of life). Expecting mothers who agree to participate will undergo comprehensive psychological evaluations conducted by a licensed mental health professional with defined expertise in perinatal mental health. Fathers or co-parent of the child with foetal CHD will also participate in self-reports during the prenatal period. A total of three time points of psychological assessment will be done: Time 1, during the prenatal period, after 28 weeks of gestation); Time 2, an interim self-report assessment using only questionnaires before post-surgery hospital discharge for the baby (after intensive care transfer to hospitalization); and Time 3, 1 year after the birth of their child. Maternal assessments will include standardized self-report measures of stress, anxiety, depression and other psychological symptoms as well as a clinical interview for Time 1 and 2. Co-parent assessment at Time 1 will include self-reports of overall mental health, anxiety and coping skills. Infant neurodevelopmental and behavioural assessments will be conducted at year 1 (between 12-18 months for the child) during a joint visit of the dyad mother-child. All assessments will be standardized and have French norms and instructions for parents and the child. These assessments will evaluate areas such as cognition, emerging language, and motor skills (gross and fine motor abilities). Socio-behavioural outcomes will also be evaluated at this time. All infant developmental assessments will be administered by paediatric neuropsychologists.