Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer and has the highest mortality rate among women worldwide. According to the 2022 Global Cancer Observatory statistics, breast cancer affects approximately 20 million women globally. It accounts for 23.8% of all cancers in women, making it the most frequently diagnosed type (1). Various treatment options are available for breast cancer patients. Most breast cancer cases require surgical procedures for advanced diagnosis and treatment. However, these procedures may lead to complications such as infection, seroma, hematoma, cellulitis, and, most importantly, lymphedema due to disruption in the physiology of axillary lymphatic vessels (2).
Lymphedema is a chronic disease characterized by the accumulation of lymphatic fluid, leading to skin and tissue changes. It results from lymphatic system insufficiency and impaired lymph transport (3, 4). Lymphedema occurs due to the buildup of excess water, filtered plasma proteins, extravascular blood cells, and products of parenchymal and stromal cells in the extracellular space (3).
Breast Cancer-Related Lymphedema (BCRL) often develops within two years following breast cancer diagnosis or surgery (5). The incidence of BCRL varies depending on the surgical method used for diagnosis and treatment. While the rate of lymphedema following Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy (SLNB) is around 5%, it increases to 30-50% after Axillary Lymph Node Dissection (ALND). When ALND is combined with Regional Node Irradiation (RNI), the rate reaches 20-50% (2). One study identified ALND as the primary trigger for BCRL and emphasized avoiding this procedure whenever possible (6). Risk factors for BCRL include ALND, radiotherapy (RT), chemotherapy, postoperative seroma, obesity/high body mass index, smoking, total mastectomy, and postoperative bleeding (7, 8).
Clinically, BCRL manifests as chronic swelling, localized pain, heaviness, and tightness (9). It significantly impacts the quality of life (QoL) and causes psychosocial issues such as depression, social isolation, and decreased sleep quality in addition to physical symptoms like swelling, heaviness, tightness, and reduced range of motion (7). Pain in the affected limb makes it difficult for patients to fall asleep. Overuse of the dominant limb can exacerbate symptoms like swelling, pain, heaviness, stiffness, and numbness, further disrupting sleep quality. Sleep disturbances in BCRL patients are associated with depression and lower QoL scores. A study by Tamam et al. also reported a significant decline in both QoL and sleep quality among women with varying stages of BCRL (10, 11).
The treatment of BCRL is traditionally divided into conservative (non-operative) and operative methods (3). Complex Decongestive Physiotherapy (CDP) is considered the gold standard for conservative treatment of lymphedema. This non-invasive approach consists of two phases. Phase 1, known as the "Decongestion Phase", includes skin care, manual lymphatic drainage (MLD), compression therapy with multi-layered short-stretch bandages, and muscle-pumping exercises. Phase 2, the "Maintenance Phase", aims to preserve and optimize the results achieved in Phase 1. It involves compression with a low-stretch elastic garment, skin care, exercises, and patient-administered MLD as needed. Phase 1 typically lasts 2-4 weeks, while Phase 2 can extend for months or even years (3, 12, 13).
The primary goals of CDP are to improve lymph circulation and prevent lymphatic stasis. CDP reduces swelling, heaviness, tightness, and pain, while increasing the range of motion (3). This approach has been shown to enhance sleep and QoL in individuals with BCRL (12, 14). In a study evaluating sleep and QoL before and after CDP in women with BCRL, significant improvements were observed in lymphedema stages, as well as sleep and QoL scores post-treatment (15).
Although many studies have examined sleep and QoL in women with BCRL, very few have focused on these outcomes following CDP. Existing studies often include all BCRL stages without comparing outcomes across different stages. CDP may have varying effects on sleep and QoL depending on the stage of BCRL, highlighting the need to investigate these effects in specific populations. Additionally, studies on the impact of CDP on sleep and QoL often lack follow-up data, leaving the Maintenance Phase unexplored.
This study aims to investigate the effects of CDP, including both the Decongestion and Maintenance phases, on sleep quality and QoL in women with Stage II BCRL.
