Effects of Primary Open-angle Glaucoma on Visual-motor Coordination

Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide, with an estimated 110 million glaucoma patients expected globally among individuals aged 40-80 by 2040. As a chronic and progressive eye disease, glaucoma can cause significant impairments in visual function. These impairments can severely limit daily activities like searching, walking, and reading, leading to a significant decline in patients' vision-related quality of life. Evaluating the visual abilities of glaucoma patients can not only gauge the extent of the disease's impact on their visual function but also indicate the effectiveness of clinical treatments and rehabilitation strategies. However, commonly used clinical tests, such as visual acuity and visual field, only partially reflect visual function and do not directly measure the disease's impact on daily activities. Questionnaires can be designed to assess the impact of the disease on daily activities, from the patient's perspective. However, as a subjective assessment method, questionnaires are susceptible to individual biases and evaluation standards. Therefore, more objective methods are needed to evaluate patients' performance and abilities in executing daily visually guided activities. Grasping objects and avoiding obstacles are fundamental visually guided activities that require good visuomotor coordination. The visual system supplies essential information about the spatial position and intrinsic properties of objects, while the brain integrates this information to guide and control limb movements for specific tasks. By attaching lightweight reflective markers, such as spheres or patches, to participants' limbs and using a motion capture system to track these markers in three-dimensional space, various indicators of planning, execution, and control during tasks can be quantified. This approach enables an objective assessment of participants' visuomotor coordination abilities. Previous studies have shown that glaucoma patients differ from age-matched healthy controls in reaching-grasping tasks, though findings on these differences have been inconsistent. Furthermore, researchers have reported that glaucoma patients also face challenges with mobility. However, it remains unclear how visuomotor coordination in glaucoma patients is affected across different disease stages during tasks like object grasping and obstacle avoidance, or whether the location of visual field damage has varied effects on their visuomotor coordination. In this study, we aim to compare the performance of patients with primary open-angle glaucoma and age-matched healthy controls in reaching-grasping and mobility tasks. Our goal is to investigate changes in visuomotor coordination across different stages of the disease and to clarify how visual field defects in various locations impact patients' visuomotor abilities.