Up to forty hospitals receiving emergency admissions in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao area in China are invited to participate in this study. Unselected acute UGIB adult patients (≥18 years old) admitted within a 2-month period in the second quarter of 2025 are identified. These patients are newly admitted patients from both the emergency department and clinics with overt signs of AUGIB, as well as patients who develop bleeding while hospitalized for other reasons At each center a "lead" consultant is designated to represent the hospital on the project. Lead PI and designated research staff identify cases by screening admission records to accident and emergency department and the admission wards, records in the endoscopy centre, interventional radiology suites and operating theater, and through direct communication with admitting staff at respective clinical area. To ensure completeness of case ascertainment, an audit coordinator will cross check data entry against hospital admission, discharge records including records of the deceased. For each identified, the site PI and designated research staff will extract relevant data to complete an audit questionnaire and enter the data into a secure web-based Case Report Form, which can only be accessed using a unique hospital identifier and password. All records are anonymized. The following information is being collected. A central audit coordinator checks at weekly interval completeness of questionnaire entry and communicate with site research staff for clarification.
Information extracted included demographics, clinical history (such as admission date, time, clinical areas , referral pattern, past medical history, signs and symptoms at presentation, observations at time of presentation for the clinical episode), laboratory tests, medications, interventions and clinical outcomes
Acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding is defined as the passage of melaena and/or firm clinical evidence and laboratory support for acute blood loss from the upper gastrointestinal (UGI) tract.
This is an observational study. All patients are managed per each center's standard of care. Therefore, no extra intervention is administered and thus there would be no adverse effects expected from the present study. In each enrolled centre, a "lead" consultant together with designated research staff including at least a medical doctor and an audit coordinator will make sure all data are collected correctly and faithfully. The lead investigator of the study will be in direct contact with each centre for any problem related to the study.
This is an observational study. All patients are managed and followed up per each center's standard of care. Therefore, no extra intervention is administered.
Data are presented as percentages with numerator/denominator and as summary statistics of median and inter-quartile ranges (IQR) or mean (standard deviation) as appropriate. Binary regression methods are used to calculate risk ratios and 95% confidence intervals to assess the association of clinical factors with outcomes (inpatient mortality, re-bleeding, red blood cell transfusion). Risk ratios for the type of admission, co-morbidities, and alcohol abuse were computed after adjusting for patient age, which was categorized into quintiles.
At each center a "lead" consultant is designated to represent the hospital on the project. Lead PI and designated research staff identify cases by screening admission records to accident and emergency department and the admission wards, records in the endoscopy centre, interventional radiology suites and operating theater, and through direct communication with admitting staff at respective clinical area. To ensure completeness of case ascertainment, an audit coordinator will cross check data entry against hospital admission, discharge records including records of the deceased. For each identified, the site PI and designated research staff will extract relevant data to complete an audit questionnaire and enter the data into a secure web-based Case Report Form, which can only be accessed using a unique hospital identifier and password. All records are anonymized. The following information is being collected. A central audit coordinator checks at weekly interval completeness of questionnaire entry and communicate with site research staff for clarification.
Information extracted included demographics, clinical history (such as admission date, time, clinical areas , referral pattern, past medical history, signs and symptoms at presentation, observations at time of presentation for the clinical episode), laboratory tests, medications, interventions and clinical outcomes
Acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding is defined as the passage of melaena and/or firm clinical evidence and laboratory support for acute blood loss from the upper gastrointestinal (UGI) tract.
This is an observational study. All patients are managed per each center's standard of care. Therefore, no extra intervention is administered and thus there would be no adverse effects expected from the present study. In each enrolled centre, a "lead" consultant together with designated research staff including at least a medical doctor and an audit coordinator will make sure all data are collected correctly and faithfully. The lead investigator of the study will be in direct contact with each centre for any problem related to the study.
This is an observational study. All patients are managed and followed up per each center's standard of care. Therefore, no extra intervention is administered.
Data are presented as percentages with numerator/denominator and as summary statistics of median and inter-quartile ranges (IQR) or mean (standard deviation) as appropriate. Binary regression methods are used to calculate risk ratios and 95% confidence intervals to assess the association of clinical factors with outcomes (inpatient mortality, re-bleeding, red blood cell transfusion). Risk ratios for the type of admission, co-morbidities, and alcohol abuse were computed after adjusting for patient age, which was categorized into quintiles.
For each included case, the audit coordinator will extract relevant data to complete the audit questionnaires and enter the data into a secure web-based Case Report Form, which can only be accessed using a unique hospital identifier and password. Data will be electronically exported from the website into SPSS. Any duplicate cases will be identified and removed from the dataset prior to analysis. Dates (e.g., date of admission, date of endoscopy, date of discharge) will be verified, and free-text comments regarding presentation and diagnoses were reclassified where possible. Clinical leads will be contacted for clarification when necessary.
