The investigators collected extensive data on each participant, including age, BMI (body mass index), and medical history, to understand their baseline health. Routine laboratory tests were conducted to monitor the health status throughout the pregnancy. Preeclampsia biomarkers and Doppler ultrasound examinations of the uterine and umbilical arteries to assess fetal and placental blood flow were conducted. The investigators tracked the development of preeclampsia, gestational hypertension (GH), and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).
Outcomes for the babies, such as birth weight, delivery method, gender, and the gestational week at delivery, were meticulously recorded to evaluate the broader impacts of maternal smoking and vascular health on neonatal outcomes.
