How Does the Type of Waveform Affect Tolerability With Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation?

Exclusion Criteria

• •1. chronic pain (average intensity \>2/10 on 0-10 scale, for longer than 3 months)
• •2. acute pain of intensity greater than 3/10
• •3. chronic inflammatory conditions that are poorly controlled (e.g., diabetes, autoimmune disease)
• •4. any unstable medical condition or medical contraindication to moderate physical exertion (e.g., unstable angina or cardiac arrythmia)
• •5. pregnancy
• •6. currently taking Buprenorphine or recently stopped taking (within 1 month)
• •7. presence of cognitive impairment or language barrier that impairs full autonomy in the consent process or in the ability to participate in detailed interviews
• •8. implants in the head or neck, cochlear implants, or pacemaker
• •9. head or neck metastasis or recent ear trauma
• •10. history of epilepsy
• •11. history of autonomic nervous system dysfunction (e.g., postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome).