The putative mechanism of BC formation in knee OA is the onset of synovial effusion causing an increase in intra-articular pressure, which in turn causes synovial fluid to be forced through a weakened posteromedial joint capsule towards the GS bursa. Anatomically and clinically it can be classified as a primary or, more often, secondary cyst. If there is a connection between the bursa and the knee joint, the cyst is called secondary. Almost all popliteal cysts in adults are secondary. In 30-50% of cases, there is a connection between the knee joint cavity and the gastrocnemio-semimembranosus bursa. The communication canal is a 15-20 mm transverse slit-like capsular opening adjacent to the proximal postero-lateral margin of the medial femoral condyle. There is a "valve" effect between the bursa and the joint due to the movement of the semitendinosus and gastrocnemius muscles. During flexion, the "valve" opens and synovial fluid under pressure moves towards the bursa; during extension, due to the tension of these muscles, the "valve" closes and fluid is trapped in the bursa. Normally the amount of fluid is small and can be easily reabsorbed, but in OA (mainly active knee osteoarthritis) the amount of fluid increases, leading to fullness and the formation of popliteal cysts. The diagnosis of BC can be supported by a number of imaging modalities, including standard radiographs, arthrography, ultrasonography (US), computed tomography, magnetic resonance and magnetic resonance arthrography. US is an excellent method to evaluate the popliteal fossa, showing high sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of BC due to its superficial location and the absence of overlying bony structures.
The treatment approach for Baker's cysts ranges from conservative treatments to interventional procedures and surgery. It should be kept in mind that the majority of cysts are secondary in the treatment approach. For this reason, treatment of the primary pathologies causing Baker's cysts occupies an important place in the treatment approach. Conservative treatment includes lifestyle changes, weight loss, rest, ice compression, bandaging, elevation and ROM exercises. In interventional procedures, the most preferred methods are aspiration of the cyst and corticosteroid injection into the cyst. Surgical interventions can be planned as the last treatment option in recurrent baker's cysts with persistent complaints despite conservative and interventional procedures.
Platelet rich plasma (PRP) injections are one of the most commonly used therapies in the treatment of OA. The mechanism of action of PRP is through growth factors. The main growth factors and growth factor families in PRP used in OA treatment include tissue growth factor-β (TGF-β), insulin growth factor 1 (IGF-1), bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). TGF-β has been identified as one of the most important factors in cartilage regeneration due to its role in the proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes. TGF-β induces chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs and also antagonizes the suppressive effects of IL-1, a pro-inflammatory cytokine responsible for stimulating catabolic factors and predisposing intracapsular structures to further degradation. IGF-1 is a key component in cartilage development, promoting chondrocyte mitosis and extracellular matrix synthesis. BMP helps chondrocyte migration and FGF has an important role in cartilage repair. PDGF helps regenerate articular cartilage by increasing chondrocyte proliferation and is involved in all cells of mesenchymal origin. VEGF has been shown to influence vascular structure formation and regeneration and is important in restoring nutrient flow. PRP contains a high concentration of platelets obtained by centrifugation of autologous blood. After degranulation of platelets, various growth factors and cytokines are released and accelerate cartilage matrix synthesis, restrain synovial membrane inflammation and promote cartilage healing. Due to its regenerative effect and anti-inflammatory potential properties, PRP is widely used in musculoskeletal diseases such as rotator cuff tear, lateral epicondylitis, patellar tendinopathy, osteoarthritis. PRP is also preferred in the treatment of androgenic alopecia lichen planoplaris acne scatrices in dermatology, in dentistry, in the treatment of corneal ulcers in ophthalmology and in the clinical applications of various branches and its frequency and range of use is increasing day by day. The effectiveness of PRP in knee osteoarthritis has been demonstrated in various studies. Research on the efficacy of PRP has focused on comparing the effects of intra-articular PRP injections with other injection therapies. In many studies, PRP injections improved functional outcomes compared with HA and placebo controls and appear to be more effective in reducing symptoms and improving quality of life. The effects of PRP are apparently longer lasting and superior compared to intramuscular injection therapies. Comparisons between intra-articular PRP injection versus placebo and HA treatment in mild to moderate knee OA have generally shown higher clinical outcome scores with the use of PRP. In moderate knee OA, functional status and pain improved with at least two injections. In late-stage knee OA, only a single intra-articular PRP injection may be sufficient to provide effective pain relief, thus improving activities of daily living and quality of life.
