Augmented Reality-Assisted Neurosurgical Drain Placement

External ventricular drain (EVD) placement is often performed using the freehand technique. In comparison to image-guided methods, this technique was identified as the primary risk factor of improper outcome, yielding optimal placement in only 70%. While conventional image guidance technologies introduce a distinct improvement in accuracy, these systems tend to be prohibitively large and lack mobility, restricting their use to the operating room. As such, their practical implementation in critical care settings is not always feasible due to time, availability, and cost constraints. This study aims to address shortcomings in both conventional EVD placement and current image guidance technologies. To achieve this, first an AR headset-based navigation system was developed, providing high-accuracy inside-out infrared tracking and software features specifically focusing on EVD placement. Phantom studies were conducted, which proved successful, with a positive outcome of AR-guided EVD placement on phantom heads over the freehand technique. Given these results, the researchers aim to test the system in a clinical trial setting. Given the additional layer of information on top of knowledge and experience regarding the freehand technique, it is hypothesized that AR guidance will result in an improved outcome, as was the case for conventional neuronavigation. This study is a prospective clinical pilot study, with the goal to assess feasibility, safety and clinical performance of high-accuracy AR-guided EVD placement using a standalone head-worn navigation system in critical care settings at the Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel over the course of one year. The outcome will be quantified using the modified Kakarla scale to assess EVD placement quality on postoperative CT imaging, as well as the amount of attempts, complications and revisions. The results of the AR-guided placements will be compared to a non-concurrent control group of matched (for quantity, intervention, performing surgeons and timeframe) freehand EVD placement cases that will be collected retrospectively. The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (ref. 2018/447) and validated by the Belgian Federal Agency of Medicines and Health Products (FAGG/AFMPS ref. 80M0764).