Fetal or Intrauterine growth restriction, describes a pathological condition in which the fetus fails to grow to its biological potential, because of poor placental function , both American society of obstetrics and gynecology of and Royal college of obstetrics and gynecology have adopted the definition of Intrauterine growth restriction as estimated fetal weight is less than 10th percentile .
It is a multifaceted problem that increases the risk of hypoxemia, acidemia, preterm deaths, and maternal distress, and disposes the infant to a number of metabolic disorders, polycythemia, lung problems, intraventricular hemorrhage, cognitive dysfunction, and cerebral palsy, which occur in both term and preterm infants .
Vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent among pregnant women, not only vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy causes maternal and fetal side effects, it also increases the risk of preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, preterm birth, and birth of a child younger than small for gestational age, inadequate fetal immune system, wheezing and eczema, and risk of respiratory infections in the infants.
Vitamin D is a transcriptional regulator of endothelial NO synthase, effectively increasing the production of NO, the most potent vasodilator within the vasculature. previous Studies showed that the vitamin-D receptors play a critical role in maintaining vascular health, and this assumption was supported by data Showing reduced NO production.
It was suggested that vitamin D improves vascular function via reducing the production of NO-scavenging oxygen radicals and subsequently improving NO bioavailability and maintain vascular health.
Vitamin D level during the pregnancy in women with low-birth-weight infants was significantly lower than its level in other women. It was eventually found that vitamin D level in pregnancy was effective in bone metabolism and growth process of the fetus .
Vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy causes potentially harmful implications in the mother and the fetus. Several studies have referred to the relationship between vitamin D deficiency and the incidence of intrauterine growth retardation.
Some studies have shown that increasing the amount of 25-hydroxy vitamin D in the bloodstream before and during pregnancy contributes to nesting and causes stability in pregnancy, as well as increased calcium uptake required for fetal growth and development.
Studies have also indicated that the decreased expression of vitamin D receptors results in functional impairment and limitation in the beneficial effects of vitamin D in regulating the fetus-placental growth.
Maternal vitamin D deficiency was observed in all pathological pregnancies with a decrease in the staining levels of placental vitamin D receptor in intrauterine growth retardation. And severe vitamin D deficiency may play an important role in placental inflammation, which in turn may lead to a higher risk of intrauterine growth retardation and other neonatal side effects.
Vitamin D supplementation doses should be: 1500-2000 IU/day, necessary for maintaining 25(OH)D serum level above 30 ng/mL, currently available studies seem to recommend starting prophylaxis with vitamin D at the beginning of the pregnancy, to be continued throughout the entire pregnancy and during lactation.
The standard options for management of intrauterine growth retardation are expectant management till pregnancy termination. This involves modification of maternal lifestyle together with fetal surveillance, since impaired placental circulation is a major cause, vasodilators may have their role .
Sildenafil citrate (trade name: Revatio, Viagra, Respatio, etc.) was emerged as a drug helping vasodilation which may represent an effective intervention for intrauterine growth retardation pregnancies with dose of 20 mg once daily. Studies showed that mean birth weight at delivery was increased significantly with sildenafil usage. Of course, this had its value in decreasing admission to the newborn nursery unit.
Sildenafil citrate treatment may present a new hope towards better perinatal outcomes for pregnancies complicated by intrauterine growth retardation that may help to decrease neonatal admission to newborn nursery.
Sildenafil citrate induces vasodilation through inhibition of type 5 phosphodiesterase (PDE5) which is responsible for the degradation of cGMP to guanosine monophosphate. Therefore, inhibiting PDE5 delays the breakdown of cGMP and increases vasodilation.
