Age

35–50

Sex

ALL

Healthy volunteers

Accepted

Be aged between 35 and 50 years (23).
Be of any gender.
Have a clinical diagnosis of COPD, severity ranging according to GOLD stages of COPD II to III stages (24).
Have the functional ability to perform the prescribed breathing exercises and inspiratory muscle training (25).
Demonstrate a willingness to participate in the study by providing informed consent

Diagnosed musculoskeletal disorders that could potentially interfere with the e execution of the exercises.
Recent chest injuries that might complicate the respiratory function.
Pregnancy, given the potential for altered respiratory mechanics and concerns for f fetal safety.
Prior history of abdominal or pelvic surgeries, as these could affect diaphragmatic movement and overall respiratory function.
A history of malignancy, due to the potential for compromised overall health status and related complications.
Active or latent tuberculosis, to prevent exacerbating the condition and potentially spreading the infection.

Effects of Breathing Exercises With and Without Inspiratory Muscle Training in COPD Patients