Effect of Sex on Orthostatic Intolerance and Cardiovascular Response During Lunar Descent and Ascent

Phase I, Visit one Alpha (1A); OIG (Orthostatic Intolerance Garment) Measurement: Participants will lie supine while torso and anthropometric measurements are acquired. The investigators will utilize the same procedures developed and adopted by the Orion Program to obtain foot, leg, and torso circumference measurements at pre-determined intervals. This detailed measurement procedure has shown to be effective at providing precise compression levels at pre-determined anatomical locations. The target levels of compression will be verified by the manufacturer, using a Hosiery and Allied Trades Research Association (HATRA) test instrument that is identified in the British Standard for testing compression in elastic stockings. Tilt Familiarization: Participants will be instructed to lie supine without moving throughout the Familiarization tilt test. After instrumentation with brachial blood pressure, continuous blood pressure monitoring, and electrocardiogram (ECG) for heart rate, baseline measures will be obtained for at least 2 minutes while the test is explained. Participants will be tilted to 80˚ head-up and instructed to remain still and quiet. After allowing the participant to become familiar with the tilt procedure and the feeling of being upright, the bed will be lowered back to horizontal (flat) and a timer started for a 20-minute supine rest period. Plasma and Blood Volume Measurement: An intravenous (IV) catheter will be inserted into a vein in the participant's arm or hand using standard techniques. All blood samples will be obtained using the IV catheter in the participant's arm, unless it becomes clogged, and another IV catheter cannot be placed in another arm or hand vein. In this situation, blood could be drawn from the participant's arm or hand vein using a butterfly needle. Participants will be supine for 20 minutes before this test begins. A clip will be placed on the participant's nose so that they are breathing only through their mouth. Participants will breathe through a mouthpiece connected to a rebreathing circuit containing 100% oxygen, which is scrubbed by soda lime to remove carbon dioxide. After \~5 minutes, a \~10 mL blood sample will be collected using the IV catheter. Thereafter, a small amount of carbon monoxide will be added into the breathing circuit, and the participant will breathe this mixture of carbon monoxide and oxygen for \~10 min. Then, a second \~10 mL blood sample will be obtained. Analysis of the blood samples (i.e., hematocrit, hemoglobin, and carboxyhemoglobin) will be used to calculate red blood cell mass, plasma volume, and total blood volume. Normovolemic Tilt Test at one unit of gravity (1G): This test will be similar to the Tilt Familiarization session, but baseline data will be collected for \~5 minutes while supine. After tilting up, participants will remain quiet, relaxed, and not move for up to 20 minutes or until presyncope. Brachial blood pressure will be measured, and ultrasound images obtained to quantify stroke volume approximately every minute. Blood pressure and ECG will be continuously monitored before, during, and after the tilt. A tilt test will be terminated if any of the following test termination criteria are met: sudden drop in heart rate (\>15 bpm), systolic blood pressure (\>25 mmHg) or diastolic blood pressure (\>15 mmHg); significant cardiac arrhythmias such as an ectopic rhythm \>4 beats; absolute systolic blood pressure \<70 mmHg; symptoms such as nausea, clammy skin, profuse sweating, pallor, light-headedness, dizziness, or tingling; or participant request. In the event a tilt test is terminated prior to 20 minutes, the participant will be brought to a head-down tilt position until recovered. Visit one Bravo (1B); Plasma Volume + Furosemide Infusion: Plasma volume will be measured as described in Phase 1A. After the plasma volume test is complete, a 20 mg of Furosemide will be administered intravenously. This dose has been demonstrated to produce plasma volume losses similar to spaceflight and bedrest. An oral potassium supplement of 20 mEq (Milliequivalent) will be given as a prophylactic prior to the furosemide infusion. Induction of Hypovolemia: Following Furosemide infusion, participants will remain in the CVL (Cardiovascular and Vision Laboratory) and be observed while remaining seated (except for bathroom trips) for 2 hours. During this time urine volume and periodic blood pressure will be obtained. Participants will self-collect urine using urine collection bottles and provide to the test operator to document the time of urine collection and volume produced. Participants will be given a standardized volume of water at intervals throughout the study day. Participants will be provided snacks as needed throughout the duration of their stay in the laboratory. Hypovolemic Tilt Tests (1-G, 0.75-G, 0.50-G): Following the 2-hour period for diuresis to develop, participants will undergo 3 tilt tests (80°, 50°, and 30° head-up tilt) for up to 20 minutes each to simulate 1-G, 0.75-G, and 0.50-G exposures. The tilt tests will occur in a random order and participants will remain supine for 20 minutes to fully recover between tests. The timing, monitoring, and test termination criteria will be identical to that described in Normovolemic Tilt Test (1G) above. Immediately prior to each tilt test, a blood sample (5 mL) will be drawn using the IV catheter and analyzed for hematocrit and hemoglobin concentration, which will then be used to calculate the change in plasma volume since the baseline test. Alternatively, if the IV becomes clogged and another IV cannot be placed, these blood samples could be drawn from an arm or hand vein using a butterfly needle (5 mL) or by pricking the finger (80 μL). Phase II, Visit two Alpha (2A); OIG Fit Check: Participants will don their custom OIG garments to ensure there were no errors in garment development. Visit two Bravo (2B): Plasma Volume + Furosemide Infusion Participants will complete the same testing protocol as occurred in Phase 1B. Induction of Hypovolemia: Participants will complete the same testing protocol as occurred in Phase 1B. Hypovolemic Tilt Tests (1-G, 0.75-G, 0.50-G) + OIG: Following the 2-hour period for diuresis to develop, participants will don their custom-made OIG and assume the supine posture for \~20 minutes prior to starting the first tilt test. The order of the 3 tilt tests (80°, 50°, and 30° head-up tilt) will be the same order as occurred in Phase 1B, Hypovolemic Tilt Tests (1-g, 0.75-G, 0.50-G). Visits 2A and 2B can be combined.