Medical context:
Cardiac surgery and more specifically coronary bypass surgery are very painful postoperative surgeries, especially during the first 48 hours following the operation. These pains, present at rest, are increased when the patient is mobilized, during coughing, deep inspiration, chairing or mobilization in bed.
In cardiac surgery, it has been shown that respiratory complications remain a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. They can lead to an extension of the length of hospitalization and therefore an increase in hospital costs. Indeed, these are increased compared to other surgeries because of the sternotomy and the pain it causes, as well as the type of ventilation during extracorporeal circulation (sharp reduction or even stopping of mechanical ventilation).
Patients having, prior to surgery, risk factors for postoperative respiratory complications, present increased risks of pneumonia, postoperative atelectasis, pleurisy, re-intubation, mortality and therefore an additional cost of hospitalization.
Limiting postoperative pain allows better rehabilitation of the patient by improving patient mobilization, participation in respiratory physiotherapy and therefore potentially a reduction in respiratory complications.
Currently, multimodal analgesia combining opioids, nefopam, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, ketamine, lidocaine and paracetamol, is the most widely used technique in patients. The analgesic efficacy provided by opioids is tempered by their side effects (sedation, confusion, nausea or vomiting, transit delay, urinary retention, pruritus) which may slow postoperative recovery. In addition, opioids can also decrease the cough reflex and impair respiratory control.
It is therefore important to find alternatives to the analgesic management of these patients who, thanks to the improvement of surgical and anesthetic techniques, are more and more numerous.
The use of para-sternal catheters with bilateral infusion of local anesthetics has already shown its effectiveness in terms of reducing opioid consumption and safety. However, no benefit has yet been proven in terms of reducing the length of hospital stay in subjects at respiratory risk undergoing surgery such as on pump coronary bypass surgery.
Goal :
Show that the use of a bilateral para-sternal infusion of local anesthetics (ropivacaine 0.2%) by multi-perforated catheters in patients with respiratory risk factors who have undergone coronary bypass surgery, makes it possible to reduce the length of stay in an intensive care unit.
