* Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are persistent pollutants that are present in the environment.
* Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), known as the most detected per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)in various environmental compartments.They have been associated with plastic pollution and endocrine dysfunction.
Humans are exposed to PFASs through various pathways, including dietary items such as seafood, drinking water, and some dental floss.. Contaminated drinking water and food supply are potential sources of 0ral exposure to PFAS PFASs have been used in various products such as firefighting foams, surfactants, non-stick pans, food contact materials such as boxes, bags, wrappers, cups, (Lim, 2019), and table wares, and personal care products including cosmetics.
Over the past 180 years (1839-2019), numerous emerging contaminants have been identified, Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluoro octane sulfonate (PFOS) are two of the most used PFAS compounds in various applications and have already been identified as endocrine-disrupting chemicals(EDCs).
Due to their structural and functional similarities with endogenous steroid hormones, EDCs mimic and interfere with homeostatic mechanisms and signaling pathways of hormones in the body even at low concentrations. They cause a variety of endocrine and metabolic disorders ,developmental abnormalities and hormone-dependent cancers.
PFAS exhibits a wide range of toxic effects, including developmental toxicity, genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, hepatotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, immunotoxicity, cytotoxicity, neurotoxicity, and hormonal toxicity.
Moreover, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified PFOA as "possibly carcinogenic to humans".
Breast cancer is one of the major female health problems worldwide. Although there is growing evidence indicating that pollution increases the risk of breast cancer, there is still inconsistency among previous studies.
As we mentioned before, that PFAS is considered as EDC.so it may interact with estrogen receptors (ATSDR, 2018). And multiple studies found association between PFOS exposure and decreasd serum or saliva concentrations of estrogen in women.
It is well known that breast cancer is hormone-dependent, its development may be associated with exposure to xenoestrogens found in environmental pollutants (Adami et al., 2018).
Multiple epidemiological (Morgan et al., 2017) and experimental studies (Pierozan et al., 2018; Pierozan and Karlsson, 2018;) have associated EDC exposure with increased risk of breast cancer and breast cancer metastasis.Exposure to some PFASs has been both positively (Mancini et al., 2020; Tsai et al., 2020) associated with breast cancer risk as in Greenlandic Inuit women.and inversely associated with breast cancer risk as inTaiwanese women.
The presented study will be the first study to be done in Egypt to study the risk of PFAS environmental exposure and its correlation to breast cancer. Currently, there is no information available on the production, use, management and bio persistence of PFAS substances in Egypt. This is an area that needs attention, particularly for substances dispersed directly into the environment such as PFAS. And performing a risk assessment study identifying high exposure levels to various PFAS compounds in Assiut Governorate which will help in establishing the PFAS Egyptian toxicological report recommended by the Ministry of Environment as a part of the Stockholm Convention to protect human health and the environment from persistent organic pollutants.With increasing concerns of climate changes and global warming Egypt proceeded in setting recommendations for PFAS elimination.These recommendation contributes to the achievement of several key Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) due to the impacts of the substances on health and ecosystems including water pollution.
