Articaine Plus Dexmedetomidine in Supraclavicular Block

Articaine is an amide LA produced in the 1960s and first used in clinical trials in 1974. Although it is an amide that is similar to prilocaine in chemical structure, it contains a thiophene ring rather than a benzene ring. Articaine is a rapid and short acting LA, which has low neurotoxicity and appears to diffuse through tissues more readily than other commonly used LA agents. It is metabolized by nonspecific plasma esterases both in blood and tissues, leading to its rapid clearance. α2-adrenergic receptor agonists have been the focus of interest for their sedative, analgesic, perioperative sympatholytic, and cardiovascular stabilizing effects along with providing reduction in anesthetic requirements. Dexmedetomidine may act on supraspinal (locus coeruleus) or spinal level or peripheral α2-adrenoreceptor to reduce nociceptive transmission, leading to analgesia. Previous trials focused on adding dexmedetomidine to either levobupivacaine and bupivacaine, found augmentation of both sensory and motor block along with prolonged duration of effective analgesia. However, there remains limited knowledge of the analgesic efficacy and clinical utility of adding dexmedetomidine to articaine during peripheral nerve block in humans.