Healthy volunteers
Not accepted
Inclusion Criteria: (i) lesions that were determined by histopathological examination and were staged preoperatively using pelvic MRI and CT scans; (ii) patients aged ≥18 and ≤ 75 years; and (iii) American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) class ≤3
Exclusion Criteria: Benign prostate hyperplasia, previous bladder or prostate surgery, severe sexual dysfunction (International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) score \<10 or Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) score ≤26.55), urgent operation, simultaneous or heterochronous multiple primary rectal tumours, distant metastasis, or other severe cardiopulmonary complications.
