Screening for Ovarian Malignancy

Ovarian cancer (OC) is the third most common gynecological malignancy worldwide and carries the highest mortality. OC has an incidence of 11.7 - 12.1 per 100,000 in the USA and Europe, with slightly lower rates of disease in Asia and the Middle East. Most patients (60%) are diagnosed with advanced disease which is associated with significant mortality. The most important factor for survival is the stage at diagnosis and nowadays there isn't a proven effective screening strategy. It is necessary to identify the best tool to detect early-stage disease. To reduce the diagnostic dilemma between benign and malignant ovarian masses, a formula-based scoring system known as the risk of malignancy index (RMI) was introduced in 1990, which was termed RMI 1. RMI is a combined parameter that is simple, specific, and highly sensitive for the evaluation of adnexal masses. It is a product of ultrasound findings (U), the menopausal status (M), and serum CA-125 levels (RMI = U X M XCA-125). The original RMI (RMI-1) was modified in 1996 as (RMI 2) and again in 1999 known as (RMI 3), and the last modification was in 2009 by adding the tumor size (S) to the equation and calling it RMI 4. A systematic review of diagnostic studies concluded that the RMI I was the most effective for women with suspected ovarian malignancy. Malignant tumors benefit from management in specialized oncology centers, but borderline malignancies, stage I primary invasive tumors, and advanced primary invasive tumors might require different surgical approaches. To optimize patient triage without operating on all masses, diagnostic models can be used to estimate the likelihood of malignancy and hence to plan treatment for patients. The International Ovarian Tumor Analysis Group (IOTA) has developed a multi-tumor prediction model, Assessment of Different NEoplasias in the adneXa (ADNEX) model, which is used to describe in detail the characteristics of adnexal masses. ADNEX model can not only distinguish the probability of benign and malignant AMs, but also distinguish between borderline ovarian tumors, stage I ovarian cancer, stage II-IV ovarian cancer, and secondary metastatic ovarian cancers, which includes three clinical features and six ultrasound features