Clinical Outcomes With Non-Powered vs. Powered Prosthetic Knees by K2-level Amputees

This study will focus on investigating the tradeoffs between powered knees and mechanical knees to identify the prosthetic knee that is best suited for K2 users during different tasks. The investigators will assess measured, observed, and self-reported outcomes achieved through real-world use of these prosthetic knees. The results of this study will (1) provide initial evidence to guide clinical prescription and use of powered knee technologies for K2-level individuals with sound scientific data, (2) provide pilot data for a larger clinical trial to further inform the evidence-based prescription of powered knee technologies to other K-levels, and (3) obtain data that can be disseminated to other researchers and inform the design of future powered prosthetic knees by understanding the needs of users and identifying the features and functions that are most valuable to this patient population, as well as evaluating the capabilities and limitations of current devices. The investigators plan to perform a pilot longitudinal randomized crossover study to compare the effects of power at the knee in individuals with unilateral transfemoral amputation. The three interventions, or conditions, to be tested are: (A) the Össur Power Knee, a powered knee that has recently released its third version, (B) The Reboocon Intuy Knee, a newly commercialized powered knee, and (C) the Össur OFM-2, a passive mechanical knee, and the most commonly used knee for K2 users. The two powered knees being tested differ in aspects such as max power/torque, weight, algorithm, and battery life. Therefore, this study will not only provide insights to the role powered knees play in the K2 population, but also if certain aspects of each powered knee are more preferred or accepted by patients in order to inform future powered knee developments and clinical treatment. The order of the knee conditions will be randomized across subjects. Block randomization using a previously developed custom program based on random number generation will be used to equally distribute the subjects into the 6 possible intervention orders (ABC, ACB, BAC, BCA, CAB, CBA). For each condition, the subject will be trained on and acclimated to the device during the first month of the take-home period, and then will continue to wear it at home for two more months for a total of three months per condition. There may be seasonal effects due to the timing of when the various test conditions are administered, however, the investigators plan to offset these effects with condition randomization, multiple site testing, and staggered start times. Testing will consist of test sessions, training sessions, at-home wear of the device, and functional and self-report assessment for each intervention condition. After receiving IRB approval, subjects will be recruited and screened for eligibility. If they are eligible and decide to participate, they will be scheduled for their first site visit. They will either be consented over the phone before their first site visit or at the first site visit. If over the phone, study staff will use the telephone script to confirm eligibility and guide the subject through consent form details. Subjects will be given the informed consent form to read through entirely before signing and are encouraged to ask questions at any time. Each subject will be provided with a standardized commercially available prosthetic ankle/foot appropriate for K2-ambulators (e.g., Össur Pro-Flex LP), to wear throughout all study periods for comparability between subjects and conditions. Prior to each condition, each subject will be fit and aligned on the knee by a trained certified prosthetist. An activity monitor (such as the GeneActiv™) will be worn by the subject. As the investigators have done in prior studies, they will use the activity monitor to track the number of steps the subjects take during each condition. The subject will wear the knee being tested at home for three months. During the first month of each condition, subjects will acclimate to the knee and participate in at least four, but up to eight, 1-hour training sessions. At a minimum, each subject will receive three training sessions to learn how to properly use each device for a variety of daily activities and a fourth session to demonstrate retention of the learned skills. Subjects will continue training until they show retention of the understanding and/or proficiency of the device functions or until they have received eight training sessions, whichever comes first. After eight training sessions, they will have completed all of the available training and will therefore continue with the study at their current proficiency level. Functional tests and self-report surveys will be administered at the first and last training sessions to evaluate changes in these metrics caused by the training. For each condition, the investigators will work with trained and experienced clinicians, and prosthetic knee manufacturers as needed, to develop the training protocol and determine proficiency. At the last training session, the subject will complete a subset of the outcomes and self-report measures in order to collect and compare data from before and after the subject gets trained on each knee condition. Subjects will be asked to continue to wear the knee full time for the remainder of the three-month take-home period. The investigators will call the patient periodically to ask them whether they have experienced a recent fall. If they respond positively that they had a fall, follow-up questions may be asked via a standardized fall questionnaire similar to those used in prior studies to get more specific details. After three months of at-home wear, the subject will return for the second test visit. During that visit, functional tests and self-report surveys will be administered on the first knee. Afterwards, the fitting, training, at home wear, and in-clinic assessments described above will be repeated for the second and third knee conditions.