Response to Upadacitinib of Enthesitis Evaluated by Ultrasound in Patients With Psoriatic Arthritis

Rationale and Background: Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a complex and heterogeneous skin-musculoskeletal disease with a broad clinical phenotype spectrum of mostly peripheral (i.e., arthritis, enthesitis, dactylitis) but also axial (i.e., spondylitis) manifestations. Among PsA domains, enthesitis in addition to being a hallmark of the disease, has shown to be associated with higher disease activity, disability, and incapacity to work, ultimately leading to poor quality of life. In clinical practice and clinical trials in PsA, enthesitis has traditionally been measured by physical examination or by clinical indices developed for spondyloarthritis (SpA), however, clinical examination of entheses depends on eliciting tenderness on direct palpation of the insertional site and may be not only nonspecific and insensitive, but also does not inform of the grade of inflammation or the presence of underlying structural changes. Ultrasound has clearly demonstrated higher sensitivity than clinical assessment for detecting enthesitis in PsA patients. Since 2008, under the umbrella of the Outcome Measures in Rheumatology (OMERACT) Ultrasound Group, a subtask force for enthesitis was created to produce standardized, agreed definitions of ultrasound-detected enthesitis components and a reliable scoring system for enthesitis. Following a stepwise consensus-based methodology, the group agreed on the definitions of the elementary components of enthesitis and then decided which of them should be included in the final definition of an ultrasound-detected enthesitis for SpA/ PsA. Since 2014, through a number of consecutive live scanning exercises on patients with SpA and PsA, the intraobserver and interobserver reliability of the ultrasound elementary lesions and the scoring system of enthesitis was successfully tested. Furthermore, the responsiveness of ultrasound-determined enthesitis has been demonstrated in multicentre studies on patients with SpA/PsA treated with TNF inhibitors. There are no studies on ultrasound-assessed enthesitis response to upadacitinib. In patients who have an inadequate response (IR) to conventional synthetic (cs) DMARDs in SELECT-PsA 1 clinical trial, both doses of upadacitinib demonstrated statistical differences versus placebo in clinical resolution of enthesitis according to LEI. In bDMARD-IR patients (SELECT-PsA 2), as an exploratory endpoint, a greater proportion of patients reached clinical resolution of enthesitis by LEI and SPARCC, on either dose of upadacitinib versus placebo. The results of the current ultrasound-based study will further characterize the effectiveness of upadacitinib in the enthesitis domain. Primary objective To evaluate the peripheral enthesitis response to upadacitinib treatment by BMUS and DMUS, in PsA patients at week 24. Secondary objective: 1. To evaluate the peripheral enthesitis response to upadacitinib treatment by BMUS and DMUS, in PsA patients at week 12. 2. To evaluate the clinical response of enthesitis to upadacitinib by LEI, at week 12 and week 24. 3. To evaluate the clinical response of disease activity by DAPSA, at week 12 and week 24. Study Design: single-arm, observational longitudinal, prospective study Population: The study population will consist of adult patients (aged ≥ 18 years old and ≤ 65 years old) with PsA according to CASPAR classification criteria, who have been prescribed upadacitinib over the course of routine practice, in accordance with the applicable approved label and local regulatory and reimbursement policies ("In patients with psoriatic arthritis, upadacitinib would be a therapeutic alternative after failure, inadequate response or intolerance to csDMARDs and anti-TNF") and have at least one ultrasound-determined peripheral enthesitis. Variables: Primary endpoint Changes from baseline in B-mode and Doppler-mode enthesitis measured by the OMERACT enthesitis scoring system at 24 weeks of follow-up. Secondary endpoint Changes in B-mode and Doppler-mode enthesitis measured by the OMERACT enthesitis scoring system at 12 weeks. Change in DAPSA score between baseline to week 12 and baseline to week 24. Change in LEI score between baseline to week 12 and baseline to week 24. Descriptive variables (Baseline, 12 weeks, 24 weeks) Treatment for PsA Joint tenderness in 68 joints Joint swelling in 66 joints Patient's assessment of pain (NRS 0-10) Patient's Global Assessment of Disease Activity (PtGA) Psoriatic Arthritis Impact of Disease (PsAID12) SPARCC enthesitis index Presence of dactylitis in hands or feet C-reactive protein (CRP) Health Assessment Questionnaire-Disability Index (HAQ-DI) Data Sources: Patient medical records, clinical and ultrasound assessments. Study Size: 19 patients. Data Analysis: Categorical variables will be summarized with frequency and percentage. Continuous variables will be summarized with descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation, median, minimum, and maximum); if these variables show a skewed distribution of values, median and interquartile range will also be reported. Changes from baseline variation in the OMERACT enthesitis scoring, DAPSA, SPARCC and LEI score will be analysed by means of the Wilcoxon signed rank test for paired samples. Correlations between clinical and BMUS/PDUS quantitative variables will be analysed using Spearman's correlation test. If association is demonstrated, it will be considered poor correlation if r \< 0.2, fair correlation if r≥0.2 and r \< 0.4, moderate correlation if r ≥0.4 and r \< 0.7 and strong correlation if r ≥0.7. Nominal p-value will be provided for associations.