Age

18–any

Sex

ALL

Healthy volunteers

Not accepted

1. Female and/or male aged ≥18 years
2. Admitted to the cardiology department with diagnosed cardiovascular disease within the previous 12 months
3. Participants with eGFR\<60 ml/min/1.73 m2 and/or UACR\>30 mg/g at least twice 3 months apart within the previous 12 months

1. Participants with known eGFR\<20 ml/min/1.73 m2 or undergoing dialysis or kidney transplantation
2. Pregnant or lactating women
3. Exposure to contrast medium or other reason leading to potential acute kidney injury since the baseline examination of eGFR/UACR
4. Patients who were participating in or had participated in any other clinical trial within the previous 12 months

The Diagnosis and Treatment Pattern of CKD in Patients With Cardiovascular Disease- a National Cross-sectional Study