Screening for potential participants will be done using the patient records which includes primary procedure, age, NRS-2002 score, and total calorie intake within the last 24 hours. Only information needed to determine eligibility in this study will be noted ahead of informed consent.
Enteral or oral feeding is encouraged as soon as possible postoperatively for all patients unless they have contraindications for oral intake. If they have contraindications for oral intake they are excluded from participation (Appendix 2). The caloric target is set to 25 kcal/kg/day. For patients with a body mass index \> 30 kg/m2 the target will be calculated using their weight at body mass index 25 kg/m2. Oral protein supplements are encouraged in all patients. Nutritional calculations and monitoring can be performed locally according to the participating centers' standard clinical practice by dieticians, nurses, or clinical doctors.
Patients that cannot achieve more than 50% of their calorie intake on POD2 and do not fulfill any of the exclusion criteria are randomized to early parenteral (E-SPN) (POD2) or postponed parenteral (L-SPN) (POD5). The L-SPN group will continue standard oral or enteral intake until POD5 where the parenteral nutritional intervention begins if they have not yet met at least 50% of recommended daily oral or enteral recommended intake on their own.
After randomization, the patients should receive 70-80% of recommended daily energy and protein intake. Calculations will be made daily by a combination of oral, enteral, and parenteral administered nutrition. In case of incomplete calorie intake registration, the most recent dose will be administered.
If patients are in need of supplemental parenteral nutrition for more than seven days, a centrally administered route should be used. The standard trial supplemental nutritional product will be SmofKabiven® Perifer unless there is a clinical rationale for using SmofKabiven. These include treatment duration \> 7 days, risk of overhydration, calorie requirement exceeding the limit for SmofKabiven Perifer (1300 kcal). Both products will be used in accordance with the summary of product characteristics. Use of either product is not expected to impact data analysis as supplementary calorie amount is unrelated to the product.
Both investigational medicinal products (IMP) will be supplied by the local hospital pharmacy. All IMPs are stored in a dedicated medicine storage room located on each hospital ward. Handling IMPs will be in accordance with the regional guideline on the use of parenteral nutrition (Parenteral ernæring for voksne - procedure og forholdsregler, section 3 - vip.regionh.dk). The dosage is evaluated daily and is documented in the patient chart in Sundhedsplatformen (Epic Systems Corporation, Verona, Wisconsin) as is the time of infusion start.
Batch number and expiration date will be registered on a worksheet along with the end-infused dose. Worksheets will be stored in the Trial Master File.
Destruction of the IMP will be in accordance with local standards.
Patients will be monitored regarding complications, nutritional intake (calories, protein, lipids), and safety parameters (risk of overfeeding and refeeding) as standard.
