Intranasal Ketorolac Trial

Exclusion Criteria

• •Any contraindication to receiving ketorolac (e.g. known allergy, known peptic ulcer disease, gastrointestinal bleeding, hepatic impairment (patients with known aspartate aminotransferase (AST) \> 60 units/L "OR" alanine aminotransferase (ALT) \> 40 units/L "OR" total bilirubin \> 1.2 mg/dl)
• •Renal impairment (patients with known estimated glomerular filtration rate of \< 90 mL/min/1.73m2)
• •Known bleeding disorders
• •Receipt of an NSAID (e.g. ibuprofen, naproxen, naproxen/sumatriptan) within previous six hours
• •Receipt of oral prochlorperazine or metoclopramide or diphenhydramine within 12 hours prior to presentation
• •Presence of intranasal obstruction (e.g. mucous or blood) that cannot be readily cleared using suction or nose blowing
• •Inability to speak English
• •Patients with a concurrent diagnosis of traumatic brain injury
• •Unable to complete self-report measures of pain or questionnaires (e.g. developmental delay, neurologic impairment)
• •Critical illness
• •Frequent use of drugs for headache (defined as regular intake of analgesics for acute headaches on more than 10 days per month)
• •Patients refusing to take oral adjuncts or unable to tolerate oral medications will be excluded from the trial.
• •Patients currently on the following medications will also be excluded from the study as there are contraindications for use of Ketorolac with use of these medications: antiplatelets (i.e. salicylates, aspirin, clopidogrel, ticagrelor), Anticoagulants (i.e. warfarin, rivaroxaban, apixaban, dabigatran, enoxaparin, and heparin), angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers (losartan, Lisinopril), cyclosporine or tacrolimus, furosemide, bumetanide, spironolactone, hydrochlorothiazide, digoxin, lithium, methotrexate, probenecid, some selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (including i.e. citalopram, escitalopram, sertraline), antipsychotics (i.e. Quetiapine, risperidone, aripiprazole, haloperidol), tranylcypromine, oxybates, oral potassium citrate, and Anticholinergics (i.e. amantadine).