Effects of Early and Late Time-restricted Eating on Overweight Adults With Metabolic Syndrome

Inclusion Criteria

• •1. Age from 18 to 65 years
• •2. Body mass index (BMI): 24.0-40.0 kg/m2
• •3. Diagnosed with metabolic syndrome (i.e., more than 3 abnormal findings out of 5):
• •1. Waist circumference ≥ 90 cm (men) or ≥ 80 cm (women).
• •2. Elevated triglyceride (TG) (use of lipid-lowering medication is an alternate indicator) ≥ 150 mg/dL (1.7 mmol/L).
• •3. Reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) (use of lipid-lowering medication is an alternate indicator) \< 40 mg/dL (1.0 mmol/L) in males \< 50 mg/dL (1.3 mmol/L) in females.
• •4. Elevated blood pressure (use of antihypertensive medication is an alternate indicator). Systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥ 130 and/or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥ 85 mmHg.
• •5. Elevated fasting blood glucose (FBG) (used of hypoglycemic medications is an alternate indicator) ≥ 100 mg/dL (5.6 mmol/L).