Despite modern day improvements in pain treatment and availability of different analgesic modalities, suboptimal postoperative pain control remains an issue in cardiac surgical patients. Acute postoperative pain is common among cardiac surgical patients, particularly within the first 2 days after surgery, with reported at least moderate intensity. There could be many facets for postoperative pain after adult cardiac surgery. Pain can be caused by surgical incisions and dissections, sternal fracture or incomplete bone healing, multiple drainage cannulas and chest tubes and sternal wound infections. Poorly controlled acute postoperative pain is associated with adverse physiological outcomes that impair the recovery of cardiac surgical patients. It is associated with decreased patient satisfaction, delayed postoperative ambulation, and the development of chronic postsurgical pain (CPSP). The association between sternotomy pain and pulmonary complications has been observed, and the sympathetic activation secondary to pain can induce myocardial ischemia and arrhythmias. Pain control has also been pointed out as one of the major concerns to cardiac surgical patients in intensive care unit. Therefore, optimal acute pain control not only can improve clinical outcomes, but also improves patient satisfaction after cardiac surgery.
Postoperative pain that persists beyond the normal time for tissue healing is increasingly recognized as an important complication after various types of surgery. According to the International Association for Study of Pain, CPSP is defined as the persistence of pain at surgical site or referred area, at least 3 months following the surgical procedure. CPSP is common after cardiac surgery. The reported incidence was 28% to 56% up to 2 years postoperatively. Several mechanisms have been involved in the development of chronic pain after sternotomy. These include dissection, nerve entrapment by sternal wires, sternal retraction, ribs fractures, and intercostal neuralgia as a consequence of nerve damage during dissection of the internal mammary artery during coronary artery bypass graft (CABG). In addition, poorly controlled pain has been a general risk factor for the development of CPSP. All can stimulate the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines which sensitize the afferent nociceptive fibres to cause chronic pain. CPSP has the potential to impact daily functioning and quality of life of patients, as well as increasing the healthcare costs. CARDpain study reported that among those with CPSP, over 50% had significant pain-related interferences with activities of daily living (family and home responsibilities, recreation and employment) at 3, 6 and 12 months following cardiac surgery. Therefore, apart from optimal acute pain control, it is equally important to prevent and manage CPSP, to ensure better satisfaction and quality of lives for our patients.
Intravenous opioids such as fentanyl and morphine have been the mainstay of perioperative analgesia for cardiac surgery, either by intermittent boluses by healthcare staff or through a patient-controlled device (PCA). The primary problem with this mechanism of delivery is that significant fluctuations in serum opioid concentrations can occur, resulting in effects which range from inadequate analgesia to overdose and respiratory depression. These peaks and troughs of analgesia that occur with intermittent opioids administration may explain the suboptimal pain control during the initial postoperative period. In contrast to intermittent administration of short-acting opioids such as morphine and fentanyl, a single dose administration of methadone can be considered. Methadone was conventionally used in cancer and chronic pain management. It can be administered via oral, intravenous, and other parenteral routes. Despite being an often-used alternative to morphine, it remains relatively invisible in perioperative settings. Methadone is a unique opioid that may provide several important potential benefits for surgical patients in the perioperative period. It is a potent mu receptor agonist with a rapid onset and longest half-life (24-36 hours) of the clinically used opioids. According to a pharmacokinetic study, central nervous system effect site methadone concentration rapidly equilibrates with plasma concentrations, evidenced by a short lag time between plasma concentrations and effects (t1/2ke0 4min). This is comparable to the rapid onset and effect compartment equilibration of fentanyl and sulfentanil (5-6min), and in contrast the slow onset time of morphine, where t1/2ke0 has been reported to exceed 4 hours. In addition, as reviewed in an editorial, when methadone is administered at a dose of 20mg or higher, the duration of analgesia approximates the half-life of 24-36 hours. Therefore, a single intravenous dose 20mg administered to an adult at induction of anaesthesia should provide a rapid onset and significant pain relief up to 1-2 days postoperatively, which is the period reported to have the highest pain score after cardiac surgery. Methadone is also a N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist. It has been reported to possess anti-hyperanalgesic and anti-allodynic properties, that is important in preventing pain sensitization and the development of CPSP, which is of high risk in cardiac surgical patients.
There have been few randomized controlled trials comparing between intravenous methadone and other opioids for perioperative pain control in cardiac surgery requiring sternotomy, and none in the Asian populations. In addition, the effect of methadone on chronic postsurgical pain in cardiac surgical patients has not been widely reported in literature. Therefore, the primary aim of this pilot randomized controlled trial is a feasibility study to evaluate the protocol and the effect of methadone on acute and chronic pain control after open cardiac surgery, compared with conventional approach of opioid-based analgesia using morphine and fentanyl. In addition, the effects of methadone on opioids consumption, opioid-related side effects, patient satisfaction, postoperative extubation times, and length of stay in hospital and ICU will be determined. The investigators hypothesized that intravenous methadone is associated with a reduction in opioids requirement intraoperatively and in the first 24 hours after surgery, and improvement in acute pain score at 12h after extubation. The secondary hypothesis is that patients administered with methadone would experience less CPSP compared with standard treatment group.
The investigators hypothesized that intravenous methadone is feasible and applicable in cardiac anaesthesia, and is associated with opioid-sparing intraoperatively and within 24h after surgery, as well as better acute and chronic pain control when compared to conventional opioid-based approach with morphine and fentanyl in adult cardiac surgical patients. The aims of the study are as follows:
1. To determine the feasibility of using intravenous methadone in adult cardiac surgical patients
2. To evaluate the effect of methadone in acute and chronic pain management in adult cardiac surgical patients requiring sternotomy
