The current study will investigate the use of the NEUROLITH TPS (transcranial pulse stimulation) generator device (Storz Medical AG, Tägerwilen, Switzerland) for enhancing cognitive and neural function in older adults with and without mild Alzheimer's disease (AD). This will be achieved by applying a novel, low intensity, magnetically pulsed technology to key brain regions and networks in a randomized, sham-controlled trial (RCT). The pilot RCT will be conducted to determine the magnitude of changes in cognitive function and brain function and structure between a pre- and post-stimulation using a 2x2 sham-controlled design in which 10 typically-aging older adults and 10 patients with mild AD will be randomized to receive either sham TPS or active TPS. All participants will undergo pre-intervention multi-modal MRI, blood draw, and neurocognitive evaluation followed by thrice-weekly TPS (sham or active) for two weeks total, followed by a post-intervention MRI, blood draw, and neurocognitive evaluation. The total duration of the study is expected to be around four weeks, where each participant will undergo a screening/eligibility visit, baseline visit with MRI and neurocognitive testing, 6 intervention visits, a post-intervention MRI and neurocognitive testing visit after the final stimulation session for a total of about 9 in-person visits. The final week of the study is a no-contact period in which the participant will be called approximately seven days after their final stimulation session to ensure no adverse events have occurred. The team will also contact participants quarterly for one year after the final session to complete a five minute phone survey.
The central hypothesis of this proposal is that TPS will increase cortical thickness, cerebral blood flow, neurite orientation and dispersion, and functional connectivity in targeted regions and their associated networks. Further, we hypothesize that these changes will translate to improvements in neurocognitive function more than that seen in the sham intervention, which is likely to occur due to practice effects alone.
The objectives of this study are to:
Aim 1. Determine whether application of TPS is associated with neurocognitive improvement H1.1. For both typically-aging older adults and patients with mild AD, active TPS will result in greater neurocognitive gains than sham TPS on a primary outcome measure of global cognition obtained from the ADAS-Cog-plus battery.
H1.2. Neurocognitive gains on the recall memory measures in active TPS will be greater for patients with mild AD compared to typically-aging older adults.
Aim 2. Determine whether TPS leads to improvements in functional (rsfMRI, ASL) and structural brain changes (NODDI).
H2.1. Active TPS targeting the AD-relevant regions and networks will potentiate increased connectivity in attention and working memory related (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) brain systems, reflecting increased neural efficiency, while sham TPS will not.
H2.2. Active TPS will result in increased cerebral blood flow in targeted regions compared to sham TPS as measured by change in arterial spin labeling (ASL) metrics.
H2.3. White matter integrity will remain stable in the active TPS condition, with stable neurite density and neurite orientation dispersion occurring in targeted regions.
Aim 3. Evaluate which baseline neuroimaging characteristics best predict treatment response H3.1. In both typically aging older adults and mild AD, baseline within-network connectivity of the default mode network will be positively associated with change in a secondary outcome measure of executive function (NIH Examiner) for those randomized to active TPS, but not in sham TPS.
H3.2. In mild AD, average baseline neurite density within the white matter of the targeted regions will be positively associated with change in ADAS-Cog-plus total score after active TPS.
Exploratory Aim. Determine whether the intervention results in a clinically meaningful change in blood (plasma) based AD-related biomarkers.
