Introduction:
Warts are common, benign and epithelial proliferations and growths affecting the skin and/or the mucosa (Sterling JC,et al.,2014) caused by human papilloma virus (HPV) which is a double stranded DNA virus with a worldwide distribution(Pérez-González et al., 2022).
There are approximately 218 types of HPV identified as causing infections in humans (Magalhães et al., 2021).
Infection occurs predominantly via direct contact, although skin lesions can be transmitted indirectly, via contaminated surfaces, Abrasions and microtraumas expose the basal layer keratinocytes and facilitate contagion (EgawaN,et al 2015 and Vlahovic T.C.et al,2016).
The clinical manifestations of HPV-related diseases vary depending upon the HPV type and the site of inoculation (Burlamaqui et al., 2017).Extragenital cutaneous warts can present as common warts, plane warts, plantar warts (Abeck D. et al, 2019).HPV infection is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections with the most common manifestation of HPV in the genital area is anogenital warts or condylomata acuminate (Gofur, 2022). Infections due to these viruses may result in a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations in the skin and mucosa(Cubie, 2013).
Although cutaneous warts are mostly benign with spontaneous resolution after months or years in healthy patients, (Mohammed et al., 2022). Nonetheless, they can grow, cause discomfort or embarrassment to patients, or persist for months or years, increasing viral transmission between individuals. Also, anogenital warts caused by high risk strains possess an oncogenic potential (Magalhães et al., 2021).
Several therapeutic modalities have been used to treat HPV infections. The choice of treatment should take into account factors such as age, location, number and size of the lesions, clinical subtype and the patient's immunological status.(Araújo et al., 2021) Available treatment modalities include physical destruction (e.g., cryotherapy, electrosurgery, ablative laser, or surgical removal), chemical destruction (e.g., salicylic acid or trichloroacetic acid), and anti-proliferative agents (e.g., podophyllin, 5-fluorouracil or bleomycin). Unfortunately, no treatment has yet shown 100% effectiveness as a cure. Furthermore these modalities have side-effects (e.g. pain, erythema, burning sensation and scarring) (Ockenfels HM. 2016 and Ju et al, 2022) .Classical treatment lines are associated with high recurrence rates as they are limited to local application and do not act systemically (Raghukumar S et al 2017).So, there is a need for therapies with a greater efficacy and minimal side-effects ( Sterling JC,et al 2014).
Cryocautery represents a first line of therapy for cutaneous warts. It uses liquid nitrogen to freeze tissues and destroy warts (4).
Liquid nitrogen cryotherapy involves freezing a wart with liquid nitrogen for 10 to 20 seconds every two to three weeks. Precisely how cryotherapy destroys warts is not well understood, but the prevailing theory is that freezing causes local irritation, leading the host to mount an immune reaction against the virus (5) Immunotherapeutic agents act by enhancing the host cell-mediated immunity that helps to eliminate the virus rather than simply destroying visible skin lesions and have recently received increasing attention for the treatment of warts because of their non-destructive action, high safety profiles, promising results, and low recurrence rates. Contact immunotherapy using contact sensitizers (diphenylcyclopropenone or dinitrochlorobenzene), topical imiquimod, oral cimetidine or intralesional immunotherapy has been attempted as viable immunotherapeutic options for treatment of warts. (Ju et al., 2022).
Intralesional immunotherapy has been assessed as an alternative therapeutic approach, particularly for cases of recalcitrant or multiple warts, since it may facilitate the clearance of not only the injected wart but also surrounding non-injected warts. Various immunotherapeutic agents including skin test antigens (mumps, Candida, and Trichophyton); the combined measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine(MMR); the tuberculin purified protein derivative(PPD); Mycobacterium w vaccine; and bacillus Calmette-Guérin(BCG) vaccine have been assessed(Thappa DM, et al, 2016 ) (Ju et al., 2022).
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccine is a highly safe and effective DNA vaccine against HBV infection that is recommended for all infants at birth and for children. It is also recommended for adults at high risk for infection because of their jobs, lifestyle, or living situations. It is relatively cheap, easy to produce, and extremely stable. Besides, HBV vaccination is associated with the stimulation, not only of humoral immunity that induces antibody production against Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), but also of cell-mediated immunity, particularly T helper1 Th1 cytokines such as interferon γ( IFN-γ )and interleukin2(IL-2). Furthermore, HBV vaccine has the advantage of being a non-live vaccine that can be used safely in immunocompromised patients in contrast to the live vaccines such as measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR), Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) that may pose high risks to the immunocompromised patients (Huang QD,et al. 2018).
Only two researches studied the efficacy of intralesional HBV vaccine injection in treatment of multiple common warts (Nofal et al., 2021, Nofal et al., 2022). Both studies revealed low success rate (20.7% and 23.3% respectively) of intralesional HBV vaccine at a dose of 0.2ml injected into the largest wart in biweekly sessions for a maximum of 5 sessions. It Worth mentioning that one the two studies also examined the efficacy of intramuscular injection of HBV vaccine at higher doses (0.5 ml and 1 ml/ injection) for 3 injections and reported a complete clearance of common warts in 50% of the patients, which was statistically significant higher than percentage of those patients who achieved complete clearance after treatment with intralesional injection of HBV vaccine using 0.2 ml/session for five sessions(Nofal et al., 2022). Whether this significant difference is related to the different treatment dosage or to the different administration routes is still to be unraveled by further studies.
