The Effects of an Nutritional Intervention on PD-1 ICI in NSCLC

Rationale: Over 65% of all lung cancer patients experience significant weight loss fuelled by a catabolic state that is represented by enhanced protein breakdown. The metabolic state of patients is a key effector of protein clearance, and the increased albumin as well as monoclonal antibodies clearance that is observed in patients with progressive cancer disease inversely correlates with treatment response and may well be consequential to changes in the metabolic state of cancer patients. Interestingly, several studies in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy, amongst which are NSCLC patients, have shown that weight loss and catabolism can be prevented or improved by intake of high energy/high protein Oral Nutritional Supplements (ONS). The investigators hypothesize that high energy/high protein nutritional supplements decrease protein clearance including drug clearance in NSCLC patients receiving anti-PD-1 ICIs, which on its turn would positively affect anti-PD-1 drug bioavailability, leading to activation of the immune system and thereby an increased response to PD-1 ICIs. An increased clearance of anti-PD-1 ICI may also represent a general dysfunctioning of the immune system, because immune cell activation, proliferation, migration and tumor cell killing may all be influenced by cachexia. Enrichment of nutritional supplements with specific nutrients known to have immune-modulating properties, may further balance immune responses supportive of ICI efficacy. In conclusion, nutritional intervention with high energy/high protein nutritional supplements, especially if enriched with nutrients known for their immune- or microbiome-modulation properties, may have a positive impact on several mechanisms underlying cachexia-induced PD-1 ICI efficacy impairment. Objective: The primary aim is to investigate the variability of clearance during a 12-weeks nutritional intervention period. The secondary aim is to investigate the feasibility for the subjects to comply with the study protocol. Lastly, the investigators aim to study the feasibility of gathering data on a number of exploratory parameters that may link nutritional intake to clinically relevant outcomes. Study design: NutriCim is a feasibility study specifically designed to gather information on: (i) the rate of NSCLC patient recruitment,(ii) the feasibility of collecting relevant data (compliance to protocol), and (iii) the effects of nutritional intervention on a number of parameters representing the patients' nutritional, immune, and microbiome status with a primary focus on pembrolizumab clearance. Patients will start with the daily nutritional intervention prior to start of the first infusion of anti-PD-1 ICI immunotherapy and will continue this nutritional support for 4 treatment cycles, corresponding with 12 weeks of treatment. Blood samples, questionnaires and faecal specimens will be collected on several time points during this treatment. Changes from baseline for the different parameters on an individual patient level will, taking into account nutritional supplements compliance, be compared to patient outcomes, as well as with a historical cohort of NSCLC patients on similar treatment not receiving nutritional supplements.