The Effect of Remimazolam on Opioid Induced Hyperalgesia

Ninety-three (n = 31 per group) American Society of Anesthesiologists I-II patients (age 20-65 years) will be scheduled for single port-laparoscopically assisted urologic surgery. Group RHR (Remimazolam-Remifentanil): Administer remimazolam at a dose of 6 mg/kg/h initially, followed by 1 mg/kg/h, and remifentanil at 0.3 µg/kg/min. Group DHR (Desflurane-Remifentanil): Administer desflurane at 1 minimum alveolar concentration (MAC), adjusting the dose by 1 vol% titration to maintain MAP and BIS levels, and remifentanil at 0.3 µg/kg/min. Group DLR (Control): Administer desflurane at 1 MAC, adjust the dose by 1 vol% titration to maintain mean arterial pressure (MAP) and bispectral index (BIS) levels, and remifentanil at 0.3 µg/kg/min. Mechanical hyperalgesia threshold, Time to first postoperative analgesic requirement (min), Injected PCA volume containing morphine for 12 h after surgery (ml), Pain intensity: VAS 1 h after surgery, VAS 6 h after surgery, VAS 12 h after surgery VAS 24 h after surgery. Area of hyperalgesia around the surgical incision 24 h after surgery (cm\^2) will be checked.

1. Inclusion criteria will include as follows; ASA(American Society of Anesthesiologists)physical status 1-2 patients, Age with 20-65 years, and Single port-laparoscopically assisted urologic surgery. 2. Exclusion criteria will include as follows; a known allergy to remimazolam or remifentanil, a history of drug or alcohol abuse, psychiatric disorders, acute cardiovascular disorders, or unstable hypertension, and other respiratory or neuromuscular pathology, treated with opioid-containing any analgesic drug within 24 h before surgery and contraindications to the self-administration of opioids (i.e., were unable to understand the PCA device).