Efficacy and Safety of Comprehensive Treatment in Patients With IR-CAD: a Self-controlled Cohort Study

This is a self-controlled cohort study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of comprehensive treatment in patients with inflammation-associated rapidly-progressive coronary artery disease (IR-CAD) by comparing the study endpoints before treatment with those after treatment in the same group of patients.

A special type of coronary artery disease (CAD) has been identified in our clinical practice, which has completely different clinical features from those of typical atherosclerotic coronary artery disease (AS-CAD). The patients often have sterile inflammatory diseases and/or clinical evidence of inflammation, whose CAD progresses rapidly, recurs frequently, and responds poorly to intensified secondary prevention of AS-CAD, especially after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). We name this special type of CAD inflammation-associated rapidly-progressive coronary artery disease (IR-CAD). The optimal treatment for IR-CAD remains unknown. We hypothesize that the rapid progression of IR-CAD might be associated with inflammation considering that: 1) inflammation is associated with poor prognosis in CAD patients after PCI; 2) IR-CAD patients often have sterile inflammatory diseases and/or clinical evidence of inflammation; 3) the disease progression of IR-CAD can be controlled to some extent with corticosteroids and immunosuppressive agents. Therefore, we incorporate immunosuppressive therapy into the overall management strategy of IR-CAD patients in clinical practice, developing comprehensive treatment, including: 1) intensified secondary prevention of AS-CAD; 2) immunosuppressive therapy; 3) coronary revascularization; 4) supportive therapies. The present self-controlled cohort study is designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of comprehensive treatment in about 39 IR-CAD patients by comparing the outcomes before with those after the initiation of comprehensive treatment in the same group of patients. All patients who were admitted to the Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital on and after January 1, 2022 will be screened for study participation. Patients were diagnosed as IR-CAD if they presented with 1) rapidly progressive myocardial ischemia (typical symptoms and non-invasive evidence) despite standard treatment for secondary prevention of AS-CAD after the last coronary revascularization; 2) angiographic evidence of new coronary lesions (de novo stenosis or restenosis) related to myocardial ischemia; 3) evidence of inflammation (positive inflammation markers or established diagnoses of inflammatory diseases or use of immunosuppressive therapy). IR-CAD patients who have received comprehensive treatment will be enrolled in the present cohort study. The eligible patients will be followed for 24 months since the initiation of comprehensive treatment. The primary efficacy endpoint is major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). The key secondary efficacy endpoint is target vessel related major adverse cardiovascular events (TV-MACE). Other secondary efficacy endpoints include individual components of MACE and TV-MACE, exercise capacity, angiographic metrics of coronary lesions, and inflammation markers. The safety endpoints are major bleeding events and severe infection events. For endpoints which are categorical variables, e.g., MACE, survival analysis will be used to compare the survival curves before treatment (from the last coronary revascularization before the initiation of comprehensive treatment to the first occurrence of MACE) with those after treatment (from the initiation of comprehensive treatment to the first occurrence of MACE, or the last follow-up visit, or the end of 24-month follow-up, which occurs first). Event-free survival rates and relative risk will be calculated. For endpoints which are continuous variables, e.g., inflammation markers, paired t-test or paired rank sum test will be used to compare the endpoint levels before treatment (before the initiation of comprehensive treatment or at baseline) with those after treatment (the first occurrence of MACE, or the last follow-up visit, or the end of 24-month follow-up, which occurs first, after the initiation of comprehensive treatment).