Exercise Training for Brachial Plexus Injury Following Nerve Transfer

Peripheral nerve injury is common, affecting 3% of patients with limb trauma seen in the emergency department. Of those, young males who are active in the work force are most frequently inflicted. The functional loss does not only carry a huge personal burden but is also associated with substantial healthcare and socioeconomic costs. Indeed, based on data from the National Inpatient Sample in the US, estimated direct healthcare costs for patients who sustained upper limb nerve injury is over $1.2B per year. Although in previous studies the investigators found that conditioning electrical stimulation, a form of activity dependent therapy, enhances nerve regeneration following injury, it did not improve bone density. Therefore, alternative treatments capable of promoting bone formation, restoring muscle bulk and increasing nerve regeneration are needed. Based on recent discoveries in animal studies, the goal of this randomized controlled clinical trial is to test the hypothesis that exercise training can accelerate nerve regeneration and significantly increase muscle bulk and bone density compared to surgery alone in patients with brachial plexus injury. To test this hypothesis, patients with brachial plexus injury involving the musculocutaneous nerve will be randomized to the exercise or control group following nerve transfer surgery. This will be done using a redundant branch of the ulnar nerve to reinnervate the biceps muscle. To evaluate the treatment efficacy, compound muscle action potential of the biceps muscle will be used as the primary outcome measure to quantify reinnervation. The following anatomic and functional measures will be used as secondary outcome measures: i) muscle bulk of the biceps using MRI; ii) bone density of the humerus using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) imaging; iii) quantitative force measurement for elbow flexion; iv) the Disability of Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) instrument to assess disability, and v) the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure for limitations in participation.