Globally, the total number of people with diabetes is estimated to increase from 415 million (8.8%) in 2015 to 642 million (10.4%) in 2040, with the largest alterations expected to occur in the urban population of low- to middle-income countries (LMICs)1. Of them, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) accounts for more than 90% of people with diabetes2,3. By 2040, the difference worldwide is projected to broaden, with 477.9 million affected people living in urban areas and 163.9 million in rural areas1. It has been postulated that the burden of diabetes and its complications in the LMICs may be contributed by the economic development and rapid urbanisation via increased caloric intake and the adoption of a sedentary lifestyle2,4,5. More importantly, the most striking demo graphic change to diabetes prevalence in global terms also seems to be related to the growth of the proportion of the elderly population6. Despite rates of diabetes-related complications such as CVDs decreasing significantly in the past two decades, it has not translated nearly as well as kidney complications7. Approximately 10% of deaths in people with T2DM are attributable to kidney failure8. It is well-established that diabetes-related chronic kidney disease (CKD) is the leading cause of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) in T2DM patients worldwide9,10.
In our study, we aim to identify and classify patients attending diabetic outpatient clinic with both CKD and
