Targeting Ischemia-Induced Autophagy Dependence in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Surgical resection or liver transplantation remain the only curative options for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, fewer than 20% of patients with HCC are candidates for resection. Transarterial embolization with or without chemotherapy (TA(C)E) is an endovascular locoregional embolotherapy that involves hepatic artery embolization with intra-arterial infusion of a chemotherapeutic agent. TA(C)E is considered the standard of care for treating unresectable HCC in the remaining 80% of patients. While TA(C)E has a proven survival benefit, local recurrence is common, and long-term survival rates are poor. Moreover, only 44% of treated HCCs demonstrate extensive necrosis on pathology following TA(C)E, indicating tumor cells develop an adaptive metabolic stress response (MSR) enabling their survival under TA(C)E-induced nutrient and oxygen deprivation. In preliminary studies, the investigators have demonstrated that HCC cells are pre-programmed to survive TA(C)E-induced ischemia through enhanced function of autophagy. Moreover, TA(C)E-induced ischemia results in quiescence in surviving HCC cells and a dependence on autophagy. As such, these data demonstrate that TA(C)E offers a unique opportunity to constrain metabolic phenotypes in order to generate this targetable dependency in HCC. The proposed project will build on this prior work to: 1) study a novel TA(C)E paradigm which targets this ischemia-induced dependency on autophagy using hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and 2) characterizes the efficacy and evolution of autophagy inhibition using HCQ as well as associated alterations in anti-tumor immunity. To achieve these goals, this submission proposes a first in human, early phase prospective clinical trial to assess the safety and efficacy of autophagy inhibition using intra-arterial (IA) HCQ with TAE followed by maintenance of autophagy inhibition with daily oral HCQ for 6 weeks following embolization. Follow-up tumor biopsies and serum sampling 3-4 and 5-6 weeks after embolization will inform on the on-target efficacy of autophagy inhibition and its effect on the tumor microenvironment and immune response. This trial will pursue three aims: (1) to establish the clinical safety of the combination of the autophagy inhibitor HCQ with TAE to treat patients with intermediate stage HCC (phase 1); (2) to compare the short-term efficacy of HCQ with TAE versus TAE alone in patients with intermediate stage HCC (phase 2); and (3) to characterize differences in local and systemic immune modulation following TAE as compared to IA HCQ TAE.