Lead Sponsor

Xijing Hospital

Age

18 - 60 years

Sex

ALL

Healthy Volunteers

Yes

•1. Participants aged between 18 and 60,
•2. Participants who are in line with the diagnostic criteria for epilepsy and drug-refractory epilepsy (DRE),
•3. Participants who have duration of epilepsy ≥ 2 years and seizure frequency ≥ 2 seizures per month,
•4. The type and dosage of anti-seizure medications (ASMs) keep unchanged during the experiment,
•5. Participants and their families are aware of this study and sign informed consent.

•1. Participants who are unable to cooperate with treatment and examinations,
•2. Participants who are in status epilepticus (SE),
•3. Participants who are complicated with a serious infection, cerebrovascular disease, malignant tumour, and other nervous system diseases, with serious dysfunction of heart, liver, kidney, and other organs, and with psychiatric disorders,
•4. Participants who are pregnant or breastfeeding,
•5. Participants have contraindications of TMS and MRI, that is, the presence of metal or implanted devices in the body, such as cardiac pacemaker, deep brain stimulator, etc,
•6. Participants who are in other clinical trials,
•7. Participants who withdraw informed consent.

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