Controlled Trial of Omadacycline Randomized Treatment Given for Bone and Joint Infection

The design of this study is a prospective, open-label, randomized clinical trial of omadacycline vs SOC antibiotics for the treatment of BJIs. We will follow subjects for between 16 and 24 weeks, depending on the length of their antibiotic treatment, for the purpose of determining tolerability, safety, and treatment success of prolonged use (\> 4 weeks) of omadacycline in the treatment of BJIs. Subjects will be enrolled regardless of race, ethnicity, or gender (as long as they are within 18 - 85 years of age). Subjects will be given omadacycline-containing regimen versus SOC. Omadacycline will be administered 300 mg orally daily without loading dose duration of therapy of between 4 and 12 weeks. The exact duration of therapy will be decided by the subject's treating physician. In other words, the primary/consulting physician who is managing the treatment of the subject's bone and joint infection will be the one who decides the length of the antibiotic treatment. Safety and tolerability of omadacycline through this study will be guaranteed for 12 weeks. At 12 weeks, if the treating physician wishes to extend therapy, subjects receiving omadacycline will be transitioned to other SOC antibiotics. Medications will be provided by the Investigational Drug Service (IDS) on The Lundquist Institute/Harbor-UCLA campus, which supplies all research related medications to study subjects at our center. Subjects will be enrolled as outpatients or as inpatients when discharge is expected in the near future (\< 1 week). Drs. Loren Miller and/or Amy Kang, the Co-Principal Investigators, will advise the hospital staff of the study and seek their assistance in identifying and notifying the study staff of possible subjects who have presented to the Emergency Department, inpatient units, or outpatient clinic with BJI. Our primary endpoint is treatment success 2-weeks after therapy completion. We hypothesize that omadacycline will be non-inferior to SOC antibiotics for BJI treatment. For descriptive purposes, treatment outcome will be further sub-categorized as one of the following outcomes: treatment success, failure due (or probably due) to medication, and failure not due (or unlikely due) to medication (e.g., surgical issues such as inadequate source control). For our primary analysis, we will dichotomize outcomes to treatment success and treatment failure. Treatment success will be defined as the lack of definite treatment failure. Treatment failure will be defined using the definition utilized in the OVIVA trial. Specifically, definite failure will be defined as the presence of at least one clinical criterion (draining sinus tract arising from bone or prosthesis or the presence of frank pus adjacent to bone or prosthesis), microbiologic criterion (phenotypically indistinguishable bacteria isolated from two or more deep-tissue samples or a pathogenic organism from a single closed aspirate or biopsy), or histologic criterion (presence of characteristic inflammatory infiltrate or microorganisms). For descriptive purposes, treatment failure will be subdivided into definite, probable, and possible failure. Using definitions from the OVIVA trial, definite treatment failure will be defined by one or more of the following: a) isolating bacteria from 2 or more samples of bone/peri-prosthetic tissue, where the bacteria isolated from these samples were indistinguishable according to routine laboratory tests, including the antibiogram; b) a pathogenic organism (e.g. Staphylococcus aureus but not Staphylococcus epidermidis) on a single, closed, biopsy of native bone or periprosthetic tissue; c) diagnostic histology on bone/peri-prosthetic tissue; d) a draining sinus tract arising from bone/prosthesis; or e) frank pus adjacent to bone/ prosthesis. If any of these criteria are met, then the category "definitive" infection will be applied. Where these criteria are not met, the following criteria will be used to determine "probable" or "possible" infection: Infection will be categorized as "probable" where microbiological sampling had not been undertaken, AND none of the other criteria for definite infection had been fulfilled AND any one of the following are met: a) Radiological or operative findings of periosteal changes suggesting chronic osteomyelitis OR b) Radiological findings suggesting vertebral infection OR c) The development of a discharging wound after an orthopedic procedure where prosthetic material had been implanted OR d) The presence of deep pus close to but not adjacent to bone/prosthetic joint/orthopedic device OR e) The presence of peri-prosthetic necrotic bone OR f) Rapid loosening of a joint prosthesis/orthopedic device (i.e. leading to localized pain in less than 3 months since implantation) in the absence of a mechanical explanation for rapid loosening. Infection will be categorized as "possible" where microbiological sampling had been undertaken with negative results (according to criteria described above for "definite" infection) AND other criteria for definite infection were not fulfilled AND in addition one or more of the criteria listed a) to f) above is met. Secondary endpoints include treatment success, defined as lack of any category of treatment failures (definite, probable, and possible) two weeks after therapy completion, long-term treatment success, defined as lack of definite treatment failures 3 months after treatment completion, long-term safety and tolerability, and medication adherence. We will measure long-term treatment success by performing a phone survey 3 months after antibiotic completion. Medication adherence will be measured by self-report. Unplanned surgical procedures prompted by inadequate infection control will be categorized as treatment failure. Recurrence of signs or symptoms of BJIs after resolution will be considered a long-term treatment failure. Subjects will receive an omadacycline-containing regimen versus SOC. Prior to randomization, SOC antibacterial therapy will be selected by the subject's treating physician. Omadacycline will be administered 300 mg orally daily without the loading dose. We chose to omit the loading dose given that many of the enrolled subjects would have received an IV therapy prior to omadacycline initiation and notable gastrointestinal intolerabilities (nausea/vomiting) based on Phase-3 trial data. Subjects receiving omadacycline will be counseled on appropriate timing of administration (fast for 4 hours before dosing and no food for 2 hours after dosing) in light of the known food effects on drug absorption. They will be instructed to avoid use of products containing aluminum, calcium, or magnesium, bismuth subsalicylate, and iron containing preparations such as dairy, antacids, and multivitamins for 4 hours post-dosing. Of note, omadacycline is intrinsically resistant to Pseudomonas, Proteus, Providencia, and Morganella. If any of these organisms are isolated and considered to be clinically relevant at the treating physician's discretion, subject will receive concomitant oral or IV antibiotics in addition to omadacycline. In the SOC group, oral therapy is required for S. aureus treatment; adjunctive IV antibiotics will be permitted, similar to the omadacycline arm.