Skeletal Effects of Type 1 Diabetes on Low-Trauma Fracture Risk

Inclusion Criteria

• •Criteria for enrollment of female diabetics
• •1. No chronic disease diagnoses that may affect bone, as confirmed by the PI.
• •2. Normal clinical history, physical, and clinical laboratory exam (except for usual complications of a 10+-year diabetic, i.e., \~minimal neuropathy or retinopathy, known, but asymptomatic mild vascular disease, etc.)
• •3. Glomelular Filtration Rate (GFR) \>45 ml/min (Renal Association lower limit for "mild" kidney failure).
• •4. Willingness to sign a consent form.
• •5. Willingness to undergo a transilial bone biopsy incision that yields 2 bone specimens.
• •6. No abnormalities in clinical blood chemistry measurements (small, age-related decreases in GFR, will be permitted).
• •7. Caucasian
• •Criteria for each non-diabetic subject, compared to their matched diabetic:
• •1. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) measures (BMD, gm/cm) must be within +/- 15% in total hip.
• •2. Body mass index (BMI) must be within +/-10%.
• •3. Age must be within +/- 5 years.
• •4. Caucasian