Study to Determine the Response to COVID-19 Vaccination and Prevalence of COVID-19 in Subjects With Chronic Liver Disease

Background: The COVID-19 global pandemic killed more than 6 million people worldwide. Several vaccines have been developed against the virus that causes this disease. These vaccines are effective at preventing severe symptoms and death from COVID-19. Some people with chronic liver disease, especially those with an advanced condition called cirrhosis, do not respond to many vaccines as well as healthy people do. The goal of this natural history study is to find out how well people with chronic liver disease respond to the COVID-19 vaccines. Objective: To learn how chronic liver disease affects the body s immune response to vaccination against COVID-19. Eligibility: People aged 18 years or older with chronic liver disease. They must also be enrolled in protocol 91-DK-0214 or 18-DK-0091. Design: Participants will have 3 visits, each spaced 6 months apart. Each visit will last 2 hours. Participants will have their vital signs recorded. These include age, sex, race, height, and weight. They will give their medical history. At each visit, participants will have blood drawn through a needle inserted into a vein in the arm. The sample drawn at each visit will be from 1 to 8 tablespoons. At each visit, participants will fill out a questionnaire. They will answer questions about whether they have been vaccinated against COVID-19; whether they have had COVID-19; and whether they have been exposed to someone who had COVID-19. The questionnaire will take 10 to 15 minutes. Researchers will also look at results of past blood tests from other research studies.

Study Description: The goals of this study are to assess the response to COVID vaccination in patients with chronic liver disease. Secondary goals are to evaluate the durability of antibody response against SARSCOV-2 and if SARS-COV-2 seropositivity is associated with reactivation or worsening of chronic hepatitis B. Hypothesis: Subjects with cirrhosis will have poorer response to COVID vaccination compared to subjects without cirrhosis and to healthy controls. Objectives: Primary Objective To determine the response to SARS-COV-2 vaccination among patients with chronic liver disease stratified by severity (cirrhosis vs no cirrhosis) and compare to healthy controls Secondary Objectives * To determine the durability of antibody against SARS-COV-2 among patients with chronic liver disease * To determine if SARS-COV-2 seropositivity is associated with reactivation or worsening of chronic hepatitis B Tertiary Objective * To determine how SARS-COV-2 affects the pre-existing HBV, HCV, HDV-specific immune response of subjects with liver disease via T cell receptor cross-reactivity or cytokine-mediated bystander cell activation * To determine whether T and B responses to SARS-COV-2 infection or SARS-COV-2 vaccination differ in subjects with and without chronic liver disease and with and without liver cirrhosis. * To determine whether antibody and T and B cell responses against polyethylene glycol (PEG) increase over time and affect the response to the covid vaccine. Endpoints: Primary Endpoints The proportion of patients with \>100 BAU/mL SARS-COV2 antibody levels one year after Covid-19 vaccination Secondary Endpoints * Changes in levels of SARS- COV-2 antibody over time among patients with chronic liver disease stratified by severity (cirrhosis vs no cirrhosis) compared to healthy controls * Assess prevalence of HBV reactivation, defined as reappearance of HBsAg in serum and/or reappearance or increase in HBV DNA by 1 log10 IU/mL in serum in patients with and without prior Covid-19 Tertiary Endpoint * Comparison of HBV, HCV and HDV-specific immune responses before and after SARS-COV-2 infection in patients who experienced SARS-COV-2 between study time points or using as pre-infection time point PBMC stored prior to November 2019 (first global report of SARS-COV-2) * Comparison of T and B responses to SARS-COV-2 infection or SARS-COV-2 vaccines in subjects with and without chronic liver disease and with and without liver cirrhosis, and evaluation of durability of responses in subsequent study visit. * Assessment of anti-PEG IgM and IgG levels and T and B responses against PEG.