Effects of Mindfulness on Brain Functioning in Depressed Patients

Depression is a common disorder that often takes a recurrent or chronic course. Recent research has indicated that such courses are associated with significant changes in brain functioning including changes in strength of functional connectivity between regions of the default mode network, a large-scale brain network involved in spontaneous thinking and rumination, and the ability to suppress this network. Training in mindfulness has been found to be an effective treatment for patients with recurrent and chronic courses of depression and there is evidence for beneficial effects on brain structure and functioning. However, it remains unclear whether and in how far the training may serve to reverse brain changes in recurrent and chronic courses of depression. The aim of this research is to test the effects of sustained training in mindfulness meditation on default mode network connectivity and suppression in patients suffering from recurrent or chronic depression. The investigators will invite currently depressed patients with a recurrent or chronic course of the disorder (N = 36) to take part in a 6-month mindfulness intervention and investigate changes in default-mode network connectivity and suppression over repeated assessments. Building on our previous research, the intervention will use a blended format that combines an online app offering psychoeducational materials and meditation guidance with brief individual therapy sessions delivered via videoconference. Eligible participants will be asked to complete questionnaires and take part in brain scans before the start of the treatment, 3 months after the start of the treatment and after the end of treatment.

Background and rationale Major Depression is one of the leading contributors to the burden of disease world-wide. While there are established treatments, a considerable proportion of patients do not respond sufficiently. About a third of people who suffer from depression develop an increasingly chronic and recurrent course that is accompanied by progressive changes in brain structure and functioning. These changes act to prevent recovery and play an important role in conferring an increased risk for associated physical and neurodegenerative disorders. Training in mindfulness helps patients recognize and disengage from the maladaptive and habitual patterns of thinking that maintain the disorder and has been shown to have promising effects in the treatment of such persistent courses. Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT), a standard MBI consisting of eight weekly sessions, is now a recommended treatment for the prevention of relapse in highly recurrent courses of depression. However, recent research indicates that beneficial effects are contingent on sustained practice and utilization of mindfulness skills beyond the actual intervention periods. There is now an increasing awareness of the need to support patients in establishing a sustained practice of mindfulness. Yet despite the fact that this need is now widely acknowledged, there are currently no established approaches to support patients in sustained practice and it remains unclear in how far, and at what levels, sustained practice may lead to visible changes in underlying neurobiological vulnerabilities. While standard MBIs have been shown to have significant beneficial effects in patients with persistent forms of depression, there is still a considerable proportion of patients who do not respond sufficiently - current trials suggest a response rate of about 50%. Few studies have investigated reversibility of neurobiological vulnerabilities in depression. However, research in healthy meditators suggests that sustained practice in mindfulness may have promising potential for this purpose. Establishing approaches to support patients in sustained practice and understanding its effects on neurobiological vulnerabilities therefore represents an important step in improving MBIs for this group. Previous research has indicated that the psychological maintenance mechanisms that hold persistent forms of depression in place are associated with significant changes in the connectivity and dynamics of the DMN, a large distributed network of interacting brain regions that serves to imbue present moment experience with memory content and becomes active when people engage in mind wandering and other forms of task-unrelated thinking such as rumination. Research in patients with depression has shown that depression is characterised by significant deficits in suppressing DMN activity during performance of common working memory and other executive tasks. Furthermore, there is now considerable evidence for aberrations in connectivity within and from this network to other regions of the brain that are relevant in the regulation of attention and emotions. This study is the second stage of the project. In the first stage, the investigators tested the feasibility and acceptability of a blended Mindfulness-Based Intervention (bMBI) over a period of 3-months. The bMBI is an online course 'blended' with therapist support via video link. The online course comprises of 9 themed sessions each involving: video instructions, written information, exercises, and practices. The therapist sessions are biweekly and help participants overcome any problems they experience. In this stage, the investigators will investigate the effects of engaging in the bMBI over an extended period of 6-months on brain functioning using brain imaging techniques. The investigators will specifically look at the effects of the intervention on DMN suppression and connectivity in a sample of patients suffering from persistent depression.